Development of e-Handout Based on Problem-Based Learning to Improve Students Cognitive on Rotation Dynamics

. Learning outcomes in the 21st century require students to have the ability to think critically, carry out analysis, and find solutions. This research aims to determine the increase in students' cognitive learning outcomes after using e-handout-based PBL and to determine students' responses to e-handouts. This research method is the Research and Development (R&D) uses the ADDIE model. This research is a nonequivalent control group design. The subjects in this research were expert validators, physics teachers, and 11th-grade students from State Senior High School 1 Syamtalira Aron. The research instruments use multiple choice test instruments, validation sheets, interview sheets, observation sheets and student questionnaires. Qualitative descriptive analysis technique is the data analysis technique used. The assessment results based on validation by e-handout-based PBL material experts obtained an average percentage for all aspects of

education actors related to academic culture, including values, attitudes, knowledge, skills, and the readiness of facilities and infrastructure related to technology (Hutagol, 2013).
Along with the development of the technological era, there are currently many platforms that can help the implementation of online learning, such as e-learning, Google Classroom, Edmodo, Moodle, study houses, and even more platforms in the form of video conferencing such as Google Meet, Zoom, and Visco Webex (Yunitasari & Hanifah, 2020).Using and utilizing technology as a medium for teaching materials in this new normal is highly recommended as a facility to help educators achieve learning goals.It is also stated (Rogantina, 2017) that Educational technology can improve the quality of school education and increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the teaching and learning process.
Although the face-to-face learning system has now begun to be re-applied in several areas including Aceh Province.The school must also continue to comply with and apply the health protocol rules by maintaining distance and limits on direct interaction between teachers and students.However, the implementation of shifting learning is also carried out by arranging student learning hours in turn and limiting the number of students in class.This causes the learning process, including the delivery of materials and teaching materials to be less effective.In addition, it was also found that students only used a limited number of printed books during the learning process in the classroom so students are less able to understand the learning material, especially in physics lessons that are considered difficult by students.
In this pandemic, students need teaching materials that contain concise, easy-to-understand and practical material that can be accessed via the internet.One of the teaching materials that are concise and easy to understand is handouts because handouts are printed teaching materials that contain summaries of material from various literatures (Angraini et al., 2022;Pahlawan, 2021).Handouts can also be compiled into interesting learning resources accompanied by pictures and illustrations that increase students' interest in learning, which can positively affect learning outcomes.This is also stated in the research of (Safitri et al., 2021) saying that learning using handouts shows an increase in students' creative thinking skills and very good student responses.Handouts can also increase learning independence and understanding of students' concepts (Haji et al., 2015).The handouts are then packaged through electronic media or the internet that can be accessed by students personally through software such as phones, androids, and PC.So that students can use e-handouts anytime and anywhere.Applying Problem-Based Learning E-Handout can improve mathematical representation abilities and self-efficacy (Aminah et al., 2020;Rianti et al., 2020).In addition to providing good teaching materials, appropriate learning approaches and methods can also assist teachers in implementing subject matter to achieve the desired learning objectives.An approach that sees learning as an active process of learners constructing meaning, either in the form of text, dialogue, physical experience, or other forms, is called a constructivist approach.
One of the constructivist approaches that effectively improves learning outcomes is a PBLbased approach (Gary, 2015;Luliyarti et al., 2020;Widiyanti, 2015).By using a problem-based approach, which is an approach that confronts students with practical problems as a stimulus for students in learning (Supriyati et al., 2019), it can increase students' learning activities and produce better achievements.It is also stated in that problem-based learning can make students think more critically and creatively (Kusuma et al., 2017;Nicholus et al., 2023).
Based on the discussion above, researchers are interested in making media e-handout based problems for teaching materials to serve as a source of creative and innovative teaching materials by utilizing technology as a medium of delivery during this pandemic.The learning resources developed are teaching materials in the form of electronic teaching materials whose contents are loaded in electronic form, namely in the form of audio, audio-visual, or interactive multimedia.In addition, electronic teaching materials have many advantages, especially in increasing learning motivation.Teaching materials contain animated images, videos, and audio, making it an interesting interactive learning media so that learning is not monotonous.

Research Approach
The type of research carried out using research and development (R&D) methods with the development research model applied is the ADDIE model.The ADDIE model has five stages, namely Analysis-Design-Develop-Implement-Evaluate, where this development model is class-oriented.the R&D research method is a research method used to produce certain products and test the effectiveness of these products (Sugiyono, 2014).The product of this research is e-handout media-based problemsbased learning on the material of rotational dynamics and rigid body balance.

Research Participants
The subjects in this research are expert validators, physics teacher practitioners and 11th grade students from State Senior High School 1 Syamtalira Aron.The sample selection technique in this study used a purposive sampling technique, namely determining the sample with certain considerations.The subjects this study were 25 students from 11th Mathematic and Science grade 1 students as the experimental class and 25 students from 11th Mathematic and Science grade 2 students as control class at State Senior High School 1 Syamtalira Aron.The researcher chose the class because the two classes were superior classes that had almost the same differences in learning outcomes.

Research Instruments
This study using test techniques in the form of multiple-choice test instruments as pretest and posttest and non-test designs in the form of validation sheets, interview sheets, observation sheets, and student questionnaires.

Data Collection
The data collection techniques in this study use test techniques in the form of multiple choice test instruments as pretest and posttest and non-test strategies in the form of validation sheets, interview sheets, observation sheets, and student questionnaires.

Data Analysis
The data analysis technique used is a qualitative descriptive analysis technique, which is used to process data from the validation review of media experts, material experts, and practical test experts in the form of suggestions and comments regarding the improvement of PBL-based e-handout media products on rotational dynamics and rigid body balance material as well as quantitative descriptive analysis techniques to process data on expert lecturer validation scores and pretest and posttest test instruments.

Analyze Stage (Analysis)
Based on the results of the needs questionnaire, it can be said that students at State Senior High School 1 Syamtalira Aron have difficulty understanding physics learning, including the material of rotational dynamics and rigid body balance.So, the researchers developed an e-handout media problems based learning in addition to improving students' cognitive learning outcomes.E-handouts are also expected to facilitate and increase students' learning motivation at home and in the classroom.

Design Stage (Planning)
The purpose of the design stage is to prepare the initial design of learning media or product design.This stage consists of three steps, namely:

a. Media Selection
The selection of media is adjusted to the purpose of delivering learning materials.In this study, physics learning about rotational dynamics and rigid body balance is in the form of teaching materials using PBL-based physics handout electronic media.

b. Format Selection
The selection of this format is done by reviewing the existing structures.E-handouts based problem-based learning are made in the form of electronic media with HTML file format using the professional 3D Pageflip application and FLIPHTML5

c. Initial Design
The initial draft of the e-handout was designed using the Canva application, which includes all page designs such as cover, content, and cover.
 Cover

Development Stage (Development)
The following is the data from the material and media experts' assessment of e-handouts based on problem-based learning.The average percentage result for all aspects was obtained at 92.3% with the criteria of "very good" and very feasible to use.The average percentage result for all aspects is obtained with a percentage of 90% with the criteria of "very good."Based on the data results, the media is "very good" and feasible to use.

Implementation Stage a. Teacher Assessment Questionnaire Results
Based on the teacher's questionnaire results, the PBL-based e-handout media is very feasible.Using e-handout-based problem-based learning makes students more motivated to learn physics.The percentage results of various aspects of the teacher practicality assessment questionnaire are as follows:

Media Expert Validation
89 Safriana, Gumanti, V., Ginting, F. W The following is the result of the recapitulation of the student response questionnaires.

Teacher Assesment
Asian Journal of Science Education 90

Evaluation Stage
The evaluation stage is carried out based on providing student response questionnaires on the use of PBL-based e-handouts.The results of these responses are used as input for media improvement.The purpose of e-handouts media-based problems-based learning is to increase sample questions in the form of videos and to increase learning videos related to the phenomenon of rotational dynamics in everyday life as well as conclusions in each sub-section of the material.

Presentation Data of Students' Cognitive Learning Outcomes Improvement
Based on the test of calculating the N-Gain score in the experimental class and control class, it shows that the average value of the N-Gain score for the practical class using e-handouts media problems-based learning and the control class that does not use e-handouts media-based problemsbased learning on rotational dynamics material.The rigid body balance is as follows: Improved cognitive learning outcomes of students in the experimental class showed more significant results than in the control class.Based on the results of the N-gain in the practical class I obtained an N-gain of 71.02% in the "high" category.While in the control class only received an Ngain value of 56.56% in the "medium" category.

Discussion
Based on the research data, using e-handouts helps students learn independently at home and in the classroom.Applying the PBL model in the e-handout exposes students to real problems (Imaningtyas et al., 2016).So that students can think critically and organize their knowledge to solve the problem.Then, using e-handouts also helps make it easier for students to understand the material presented because students easily understand it.It was also conveyed by (Angraini et al., 2022) that the use of handouts helps students in solving problems to increase learning activities and students' cognitive learning outcomes.Interactive teaching materials also can help students learn to improve student learning outcomes (Pahlawan, 2021) E-handout media-based problem-based learning on rotational dynamics and rigid body balance material is very suitable to be used as a learning resource to make it easier for students to understand the material in learning during a pandemic.Cognitive learning outcomes of students in the experimental class who used e-handout media-based problems-based learning experienced a more significant improvement than control class students who did not use e-handout media-based problems-based learning on rotational dynamics and rigid body balance.This is shown based on Ngain results in the experimental class of 71.02% in the "high" category and the N-gain results in the control class of 56.5% in the "medium" category.The responses of teachers and students when using PBL-based e-handouts showed very good results.This is shown based on the results of the teacher's assessment percentage of 91.1% with the "very good" criteria and the average percentage of student response questionnaires of 89% with the "very good" criteria.In further research on the development of e-handouts, it is strongly recommended that aspects of local wisdom be included as content on ehandouts (Angraini et al., 2022;Pahlawan, 2021;Safitri et al., 2021).This will make it easier for students to abstract their learning experiences from everyday conditions in the surrounding environment, and the learning atmosphere will be more contextual for students (Astra et al., 2019).In addition, students are also more interested and motivated in learning physics, rotational dynamics, and rigid body balance so they can create independent learning at school and home.According to (Haji et al., 2015) the independence of students when learning with the help of handouts is higher than before learning with the use of it.Digital handouts also overcome dependence on instructional media in the classroom (textbook) and improve self-direct learning (Clausen et al., 2019).
The use of e-handout media-based problems in learning rotational dynamics and rigid body equilibrium received a very good response from teachers and students.This is because e-handoutbased problems are teaching material in an electronic format that contains concise material that is easy to understand and attractive to stimulate students' curiosity in following the lesson.Likewise, (Rianti et al., 2020) said that handouts were very suitable to be used as a source of learning both independently and in the learning process in the classroom.Digital handouts can also improve students digital literacy and make physics learning more effective for understanding concepts (Tolino et al., 2020).

CONCLUSION
Based on the result of the data, it can be concluded that e-handout media based problems based learning that has been developed is feasible to be used as a learning medium to improve students' cognitive learning outcomes in the material of rotational dynamics and rigid body balance with the results of material expert assessments of 92.3% with "very good/valid" criteria and media experts 94.4% with "very good/valid" criteria.In further research regarding the development of e-handouts, it is highly recommended that aspects of local wisdom be included as content in e-handouts.This will make easier for students to abstract their learning experiences from everyday conditions in the surrounding environment, and the learning atmosphere will be more contextual.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Graph of Material Expert Validation Test Results

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Graph of Revision Media Expert Validation Test Results

Table 1 .
Student Response Questionnaire Results

Table 2 .
Results of N-Gain Score Calculation of Experimental Class and Control Class