INDONESIA'S OPEN GOVERNMENT: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS

This study aims to analyse trends and models of open government in Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative approach with bibliometric analysis methods and a systematic literature review. The data in this study were obtained from the Google Scholar database using the Publish or Perish application and processed using the Vosviewer application. The results of this study indicate that Indonesian open government studies are quite attractive to researchers. Although fluctuating, in the last decade there have been 52 publications on Indonesian open government studies, and 267 of them have been cited. From these figures, an h-index score of 10 and a g-index score of 15 are obtained. There are 83 keywords divided into 15 clusters, with the number of keywords in each cluster varying. Of these keywords, there are 412 links, 440 total link strength, and 132 occurrences. In 2020–2022, the Government of Indonesia established 18 policy models to support the achievement of open government. Since 2011 until now, the government of Indonesia has consistently supported the implementation of open government by establishing 152 policy models.


INTRODUCTION
In the past decade, many individuals in numerous nations have viewed open government as a potent instrument for implementing administrative reforms and government transformation (S. A. Afandi et al., 2022;Safarov, 2019). The origins of open government can be traced to the codification of Athenian Greek law, but the Visigothic Code of the Kingdom of Sweden is seen as the beginning of a modern open government movement that takes into account citizens' rights to information (De Blasio & Selva, 2019;Moon, 2020).
Open government is a trend in public management reform that seeks to provide a transparent and collaborative governance system in contrast to market-oriented and bureaucratic ideals (Ingrams, 2020;Safarov, 2020). Although the term "open government" is not new, numerous societal settings and advancements in information and communication technology have contributed to a change in how open government is conceptualized (Tai, 2021;Wirtz et al., 2019).
The Obama administration's definition of open government is centered on the heavy use of information and communication technologies to enhance government transparency, community participation, and public collaboration Prastya et al., 2021).
Since the early 2000s, numerous countries have championed the intriguing concept of open government. The importance of open government is comparable to that of the New Public Management in the 1980s and 1990s (Moon, 2020;Schmidthuber et al., 2019). Not only have open government programs been widely implemented in Western democracies, but also in emerging nations such as Asia and Africa (M. Afandi & Afandi, 2018;Zulfa & Afandi, 2023).
The importance of open government as a method for administrative reform has prompted nations around the world to design and implement projects relating to access to information, openness, participation, and collaboration (Gil-Garcia et al., 2020;Schmidthuber & Hilgers, 2021). The Obama administration, for example, launched the Open Government Directive in 2009 and subsequently took the lead in developing the Open Government Partnership (OGP) alongside Indonesia, the United Kingdom, Norway, Mexico, Brazil, South Africa, and the Philippines. OGP is a multinational initiative to promote open government worldwide (Moon, 2020;Schmidthuber & Hilgers, 2021).
The Open Government Partnership is predicated on the notion that open government is more accessible, more responsive, and more accountable to citizens, and that enhancing the relationship between citizens and government has long-term, exponential advantages for all parties involved. The Open Government Partnership (OGP) is a broad alliance composed of members at the national and local levels as well as tens of thousands of community organizations. These forces collaborate through partnerships to develop action plans containing commitments and concrete steps (Afrizal & Wallang, 2021).
Members of OGP include 78 nations and 106 local governments, representing over two billion people. All OGP member states have signed the Open Government Declaration and are obligated to collaborate with civil society organizations to co-create reforms that may bring demonstrable benefits to citizens as part of an action plan. More than 4,000 promises have been made on a global scale. This study aims to analyse Indonesia'

METHODS
This study uses a qualitative approach with bibliometric analysis methods.
Bibliometric analysis is a technique for emphasising the most significant findings from scientific publications (Gaviria-Marin et al., 2019). Using the Publish or Perish application, the data for this study was taken from the Google Scholar database with the keyword "open government Indonesia". The data used is from open government research publications in Indonesia from 2011 to 2022. The information collected is then stored in the RIS file format and entered into the Mendeley application to complete the detail file, namely the section containing keywords. The data is then stored in the RIS file format and analysed with the Vosviewer application to produce a bibliometric map. Furthermore, to produce an open government model in Indonesia, a systematic literature review method was used. Based on the results of data processing using the Vosviewer application, there are 83 keywords for all of these papers. Keywords that are processed using this application are keywords that match the paper obtained. The same keyword that occurs multiple times is counted as one keyword, and there are 412 links, 440 total link strength, and 132 occurrences for all of these keywords. Figure 1 displays the top 10 keywords by total score.

Figure 1. Links, Total Link Strength, and Occurrences
The attributes links and total link strength, respectively, show the number of links a keyword has with other keywords and the total link strength of a keyword with other keywords, while the occurrences attribute shows the total number of occurrences of a keyword in all documents. The 10 keywords with the highest scores were: open government (links 44, total link strength 52, occurrences 17); Indonesia (links 24, total link strength 29, occurrences 8); open government data (links 19, total link strength 21, occurrences 7); open data (links 13, total link strength 16, occurrences 4); transparency (links 13, total link strength 15, occurrences 5); local government (links 12, total link strength 14, occurrences 3); public participation (links 9, total link strength 10, occurrences 3); e-government (links 8, total link strength 8, occurrences 2); barriers (links 7, total link strength 8, occurrences 2); and democracy (links 7, total link strength 7, occurrences 2). The 10 keywords above are the dominant keywords used, so it can be interpreted that the study of Indonesian open government in the last decade has focused on these issues. The keyword network can be seen in Figure 2. The network visualization shows how keywords are related to each other. Not all keywords are shown in this visualization so that they don't overlap. The cluster where the keyword is located determines the color in this visualization, so keywords with the same color denote that they belong to the same group. This visualization represents keywords with labels and circles. The size of the label and circle are determined by the weight of each keyword. The more frequently a keyword appears, the larger the size of the resulting label and circle will be. The location of the keywords shows how closely related the keywords are.
The closer the relationship between keywords, the closer the location of these keywords.
Keywords that have large label sizes and circles can be seen in Figure 1. Table 1 provides more specific information about the keyword clusters produced by this visualization.  Table 1 is as follows: 9 keywords in Cluster 1; 8 keywords in Cluster 2; 7 keywords in Clusters 3, 4, and 5; 6 keywords in Clusters 6 and 7; 5 keywords in Clusters 8, 9, and 10; 4 keywords in Clusters 11, 12, and 13; and 3 keywords in Clusters 14 and 15. To see keywords with the latest publication year, see Figure 3. Afandi et al. (2023) Journal of Governance and Social Policy | 7

Figure 3. Overlay Visualization
The overlay visualization is almost identical to the network visualization; it's just that the items on the overlay visualization have a different color. The color bar in this visualization is shown in the lower right corner. The color of the items on the overlay visualization ranges from blue (lowest score), green (medium score), to yellow (highest score). On the Overlay visualization, the color shows the year. The yellow color indicates that a keyword has the latest publication year, while the dark blue color indicates that a keyword has the oldest publication year. Based on this visualization, the current Indonesian open government study focuses on issues of policies and regulations, citizen participation, MSME, government complexity, and the open data ecosystem.

Indonesia's Open Government Model
In 2011   Open data Strengthening the budget information portal for handling  Fiscal transparency Promote civic space Civil space Source: Kulsum et al. (2022) The Indonesian government has developed 18 policies to facilitate the implementation of open government in 2020-2022 (Kulsum et al., 2022). The 18 policies are divided into 8 policy areas, including 4 policies in the category of anti-corruption and integrity policies, 2 policies in the category of public participation, 4 policies in the category of public service delivery, 4 policies in the area of justice, and 1 policy in each of the following categories: sustainable development goals, open data, fiscal openness, and civic space.

Anti-corruption and integrity
The Indonesian government sets four policies that fall into the category of anticorruption and integrity. The four policies are: information on contracts for the purchase of goods and services; legal aid for information access; election data disclosure; and availability of beneficial ownership information (Afrizal & Wallang, 2021;Irwansyah et al., 2022;Novitasari et al., 2022;Sofyani et al., 2022).

1) Information on contracts for the purchase of goods and services
The public has the right to access government-managed information thanks to Public Information Disclosure Law No. 14 of 2008. Despite the fact that this law has been in effect for quite some time, not all government entities share the same opinion.
Many government organizations continue to believe that information on government procurement of goods and services (PBJP), particularly contract documentation, is inaccessible to the public.
Under this scenario, the lack of access to PBJP information makes it impossible for the people to oversee government projects. Lack of public oversight of PBJP projects is one of the causes contributing to the corruption-prone nature of this sector.
64% of corruption cases handled by law enforcement in 2019 involved the procurement of goods and services.
Public information service standards that govern the disclosure of information in the purchase of goods and services are not yet regulated by the Central Information Commission. In the PBJP procedure, having explicit regulations will give legal certainty and eliminate multiple interpretations of information sharing. Monitoring of the government's procurement of goods and services by the community will be more successful if all relevant data is available in an open data format.
Disclosure of contract documents gives the public access to information that they can use to give feedback to the government, keep an eye on how projects are being carried out, which can lead to better goods and services being bought and help the budget work better. The government and the public can also use these data to figure out how well procurement works and how likely it is that fraud will happen.

2) Legal aid for information access
For public resources to be managed in a democratic and accountable way, information must be shared. At the moment, the Law No. 14 of 2008 on Transparency of Public Information protects the publication of information through the law. This law is a guarantee from the government that can encourage the government to share information. We should applaud the government's efforts to protect the release of information through the law. However, legal safeguards alone are insufficient.
For the law to work and encourage people to share information, there need to be more requirements. One of these is the public's ability to acquire access to public information. Access to information was a significant factor in a number of the problems the community faced. This causes the community to undergo a system for seeking information, or objecting, during the information dispute procedure (the stages of mediation, adjudication, and lawsuits in court). As a result of this procedure, legal aid is required to access information. Consequently, the community's need for access to information will be met.

3) Election data disclosure
The General Election Commission (KPU) maintains a website-based information hub for nearly every phase of the election. Nonetheless, this portal is an information portal comprised of multiple information systems. The public faces a number of obstacles when utilizing the information system services. First, information and data are not always accessible and are not in an open data format. Second, election-related data and information are dispersed and disconnected.
Disclosure of election information benefits voters, candidates, organizers, and administrators. The availability of open data makes it simpler to access comprehensive information. Open data enables all groups to comprehend the election process and results. Open data makes elections more inclusive, transparent, and trustworthy.
Transparent information will prevent election-related strife. The idea of transparency can preserve the integrity of the electoral process and results. Every electoral procedure can be observed and appreciated together. Additionally, the public can portray the gathered data in a more creative and appealing manner.
This policy can improve the openness and accountability of election administration. Open elections can encourage more meaningful public participation, such as actively seeking information about candidates and supervising the votecounting procedure. Transparency of election data and information is crucial for a nation founded on democratic principles. The public can observe each phase of the election, enhancing the credibility of the democratic process.

4) Availability of beneficial ownership information
The government is attempting economic recovery through the implementation of different stimulative policies. Increasing tax collection from numerous sectors is one of them. However, obstacles like corruption and a limited data gathering system have impeded the optimal operation of state revenues. Therefore, the revelation of information regarding the beneficial owners of legal entities must be accelerated.
Since the publication of the Presidential Regulation on the Application of Principles Concerning Beneficial Ownership (BO) and the Presidential Regulation on the National Strategy for Preventing Corruption, the government has adopted a number of initiatives. The issuance of numerous implementing rules, memoranda of understanding, and Cooperation Agreements between ministries has enabled the establishment of a corporate administration service system to combat money laundering, terrorism financing, and tax abuse.
The strengthening and utilization of the BO database must yet be enhanced. Cocreation is required to produce integrated data by encouraging each ministry's optimization of BO consumption. This is necessary to provide a democratic and responsible development planning system, especially in the context of the economic recovery of the nation.
BO data can be used to prevent conflicts of interest between ministries acting as licensers and corporations applying for licenses. By utilizing these data, the ministry can more precisely determine the association between the licensor and the applicant for a license. Using BO data can compensate for regulatory shortcomings in the handling of conflicts of interest that rely on self-declarations from parties that believe they have a conflict of interest. This program will deliver significant benefits by optimizing tax collections and reducing tax expenditures.
Through this regulation, the public will have the opportunity to engage in the oversight of illegal company practices. Beneficial Ownership Statistics are currently inaccessible to the public. With the disclosure of beneficial ownership data, however, the public can participate in the verification of BO data.

Public participation
The Indonesian government stipulates two policies that fall into the category of public participation. The two policies are assessment of community-based development programs and approach to social accountability in village development (Aminah & Saksono, 2021;Nurdin, 2021).

1) Assessment of community-based development programs
Through the Development Planning Meeting, community involvement in the development process is more open. Community involvement often stops at this stage and has not been much involved in the processes of program implementation, monitoring, and evaluation.
As government program recipients, communities should be fully involved in program evaluation. The purpose of public evaluation is not only to ensure that development programs have been implemented but also to review the effects of various programs and provide feedback to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of public budget utilization.
During the evaluation of community-based development projects, policymakers, communities, and experts have regular conversations that could lead to reviews and suggestions for programs that are already running. Evaluations of community-based development projects look at how good the programs are for the community and how they affect it. This is different from technocratic evaluations that look at things like budget use or administrative order.
Evaluation of community-based development projects fosters good governance by boosting budget efficiency, the effectiveness of the state civil apparatus, and public awareness of the openness and accountability of development programs. Participation by the public in the evaluation of government programs will strengthen the government's accountability in the execution of development projects. This strategy also supports open government changes because it allows the public to weigh in on whether a program should be continued, continued with modifications, or terminated.

2) Approach to social accountability in village development
The social accountability approach implemented in numerous areas has resulted in improved service quality, increased community participation, and enhanced government-public partnerships. This program, which has been implemented in East Nusa Tenggara and West Kalimantan, has enhanced the community's and Posyandu cadres' knowledge of public service standards.
Village development projects are able to use the social accountability approach.
Communities and village administrations can be trained to implement social accountability approaches. These actors can enable the implementation of social accountability in order to enhance village services.
The village government has to make sure that the services in the village meet the needs of the people who live there. For democratic, community-based village development, it is important to make it easier for people to talk to the village government. Through social accountability training for the village government and the community, all stakeholders are able to participate in the implementation of on-target village development projects. The community's ability to provide input on public services is made possible by the social accountability method, which encourages community participation.

Public service delivery
The Indonesian government sets four policies that fall into the category of public service delivery. The four policies are: innovation in public services for marginalized groups; legal aid for vulnerable groups; Integration of data on social welfare; and women's health services digital platform development (Inchauspe et al., 2022;Kurniawati & Pratama, 2021;Sayogo et al., 2021;Vidyattama et al., 2022).

1) Innovation in public service for marginalized groups
Due to vertical or horizontal conflicts, there are still some community groups that public services cannot reach.These community groups are hidden populations that do not get rights as citizens, resulting in a wealth gap between these excluded groups and other community groups. These groups do not have access to social interventions such as direct cash assistance because they do not have ID cards, so they are not recorded as recipients of social assistance. Afandi et al. (2023)

Journal of Governance and Social Policy | 13
The public service model for marginalized groups uses a social inclusion approach. This approach aims to improve the welfare of all groups in society, including marginalized groups. Providing recognition of the identity of excluded marginal groups in population data will open up access to public services for them.
Through the dissemination of the concept of public services for marginalized groups, the government must be able to provide appropriate public services to marginalized groups.
2) Legal aid for vulnerable groups Law No. 16 of 2011 concerning Legal Aid states that victims have the right to legal aid. But putting the law into effect only helps the poor with their legal problems, which makes economic sense.In Article 5 paragraph 1, it is stated that the recipient of legal aid includes every person or group of poor people who cannot fulfill their basic rights properly and independently. The scope of poverty in this case is broader than just economic in nature, which is related to the non-fulfillment of basic rights properly and independently.
The need for legal assistance also comes from vulnerable groups such as children, women, indigenous peoples and persons with disabilities, regardless of their economic conditions. The implementation of this law still prioritizes litigation legal assistance for suspects and defendants, as is the case with the allocation of a larger litigation budget than non-litigation, so that in practice, legal aid organizations provide assistance to victims at the police level up to the court level and assist victims outside the process. It is very difficult for the courts to access legal aid funds due to the lack of a budget for victim assistance. Through this policy, victims of crime from vulnerable groups receive legal assistance and court support services throughout the legal process to ensure access to justice and avoid secondary victimization.

3) Integration of data on social welfare
There are different ways that social aid and subsidies in the form of goods and money are given out.The distribution of social assistance using more than one card is inefficient and makes it difficult for recipients. In addition, beneficiary data has not been fully integrated, thereby reducing targeting accuracy and program effectiveness.
All welfare programs refer to the Integrated Social Welfare Database. This data can be accessed by the public using the National Identity Number and Family Card.
This system still needs to be integrated with the latest data and with other programs, not only limited to contribution assistance recipients but also including all social welfare programs such as the Family Hope Program, Smart Indonesia Card, Healthy Indonesia Card, and other welfare programs.
This policy can increase the accuracy of targeting and the effectiveness of social assistance as measured by indicators of the right target, right amount, right timing, right quality, and right administration. This policy encourages coverage of non-cash financial services and formal finance, especially for the poor and vulnerable. This policy encourages the implementation of the digitalization of social assistance, makes the national non-cash movement successful, and supports the Industrial Revolution 4.0.

4) Women's health services digital platform development
During the COVID-19 pandemic, health facilities became susceptible to virus transmission, while Posyandu services, which were typically held at the RW level, were briefly discontinued. Posyandu is an easily accessible location for residents seeking mother and child health consultations, including reproductive health consultations, pregnancy checks, and contraception consultations.
In light of this, it is vital for women to have access to a platform where they can get information on the locations of health care facilities. These health services include sexual and reproductive health care, pregnancy screenings, information about where to give birth, and access to birth control. The development of a platform for a digitally-based reproductive health service system requires collaboration in providing health service information about hospitals, health centers, and other health facilities on a single public digital platform so that citizens are aware of it and can easily access it.
This policy makes it easier for women to get information about sexual and reproductive health services that are available. The information platform that comes out of this strategy will be very important for making it easier for women to get the health care they need. The use of technology will provide access to quality health services for all community members, as well as make it easier for community members to provide feedback as a form of involvement in service improvement.

Justice
The Indonesian government stipulates four policies that fall into the category of justice. The four policies are: accessibility of the judicial process for individuals with disabilities; strengthening the legal aid information portal; capacity expansion of legal aid services; and community involvement in the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Bill (Adnan et al., 2021;A. Maulana et al., 2022;Purwanto et al., 2020;Wijaya et al., 2022).

1) Accessibility of the judicial process for individuals with disabilities
Legal aid organizations have found that people with disabilities don't always get a good assessment of their psychosocial needs. There are no technical regulations that target this problem, so in practice, law enforcement officials will carry out assessments according to their capacity. Often, the identification of needs cannot be carried out, and the fulfillment of justice is hampered.
There is a need for implementing regulations for assessing the fulfillment of the need for appropriate accommodation for persons with disabilities at each stage of the judicial proceedings in accordance with Government Regulation No. 39 of 2020.
Implementing regulations were formed to accommodate each stage of judicial proceedings, namely from the point of view of the police, which is responsible for forming implementing regulations for investigations, the prosecutor's office, which is responsible for prosecution, and the Supreme Court, which is responsible for forming implementing regulations for trial stages. This policy can be used as a reference for law enforcement officials to assess the needs of victims, with the hope that the need for appropriate accommodation for victims with disabilities can be assessed so that victims get their legal needs fulfilled according to their needs.

2) Strengthening the legal aid information portal
In order to improve how legal aid policies are put into place, the government needs to build an information portal that will serve as a database and give the public access to information. The information portal will keep a central database that is updated with the information the community needs.
Access to legal aid is helped a lot by portals that make it easy to find information.
In addition to ensuring the availability and ease of access to information, the government also needs to ensure that citizens who access information can easily understand it and make decisions according to their needs. Information on legal aid is not only disseminated but also contains directions and education that make it easier for users. With the updating of the database, mapping of legal requirements can be carried out. This database will also assist in the allocation of Legal Aid Organizations according to the needs in the regions and the type of assistance, such as litigation or non-litigation.

3) Capacity expansion of legal aid services
Most Legal Aid Organizations (OBH) are in big cities, so it's important to encourage the growth of OBH in rural areas by making the verification and accreditation process easier and removing some requirements for setting up OBH. In order to improve human resources, the Ministry of Law and Human Rights is putting together rules for paralegals who provide legal aid and paralegal programs. With the help of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights and the Regional Government, this policy lets every verified and accredited legal aid group offer training for paralegals in the community. This helps people get ready to become the executors of legal aid providers.
By setting up OBH in rural areas, the legal needs of the community can be met. This program will also make sure that the number of OBH in remote areas matches the high need for legal help in those areas. This policy will improve the knowledge, skills, and abilities of the community so that legal aid providers, especially paralegals, can help more people.
With training as a paralegal, communities can help more people get access to justice in many places, especially in remote areas. The building of OBH in faraway places also helps to bring people together, since these places have historically had less resources than big cities. Communities in remote places will have access to justice because of the existence of OBH in the region.

4) Community involvement in the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Bill
The victims of egregious violations of human rights receive little attention.  Afandi et al. (2023) Journal of Governance and Social Policy | 17 rehabilitation process affords the community the chance to learn about the efforts taken by the Regional Government and the Central Government to aid victims. This will assist a large number of victims who have been neglected and denied the care they need. The TRC will do a better job if the community is involved in making decisions about the TRC Bill.

Sustainable development goals
Government of Indonesia policies that are in line with this policy area are increasing responsiveness to public service complaints (Puspita & Gultom, 2022;Tosida et al., 2020). Despite the level of public enthusiasm for LAPOR!, it continues to increase, but has not been matched by improvements in the performance of complaint agencies. If this is not corrected, it will reduce the level of public trust in LAPOR! and reduce the motivation of the public to make complaints. Public complaints are very important, not only as a basis for improving public services, but also as a reference for agencies in making decisions, preparing programs, and strengthening policies.

Open data
The Indonesian government's policy that is in line with this policy area is the development of Indonesia's one data policy (Batubara et al., 2022;Sofyani et al., 2022). In accordance with Presidential Regulation No. 39 of 2019 respecting One Data Indonesia, this regulation mandates the harmonization of government-managed data so that it is more precise, current, integrated, accountable, easily available, and shareable. This policy shows that the government wants to create an open government that is both regionally and nationally connected. There are still obstacles to its adoption, both at the institutional, ego-sectoral, coordination, and central-regional levels, as well as at the technological level concerning production, format, and data security. This issue must be tackled effectively because various policies, development initiatives, and other types of public services require precise and reliable data.
One Data Indonesia's development must be able to show success so that it can be used not only by policymakers at the central level, but also by the smallest government unit in the village. This policy promotes digital transformation, the use of digital technologies across sectors for planning, implementing, monitoring, and assessing performance. Disclosure of information and the availability of genuine, comprehensive, accurate, and integrated development data are crucial to achieving open government. Integrating data that is both upto-date and easy to find will make it easier for the government to make policies that are more targeted and will make it easier for more people to get involved.

Fiscal transparency
Indonesian Government policies that are in line with this policy area are strengthening the budget information portal for handling COVID-19 (Achmad et al., 2021;Hartanto et al., 2021). The government has set aside a budget of 677.20 trillion rupiah to run COVID-19. This money will be used for health, social protection, housing incentives, business incentives, MSME support, corporate financing, and sectoral assistance to ministries, institutions, and localities. The government has set up a budget information portal for managing COVID-19 at http://kemenkeu.go.id/covid19 in order to make budget management more efficient. The portal provides numerous infographics and laws for combating the COVID-19 epidemic.
However, the public has not had access to specific information regarding the use of the COVID-19 budget by the central and regional governments.
One reason why the COVID-19 budget doesn't work well is that the community isn't involved in monitoring. It is important to keep an eye on the COVID-19 pandemic emergency budget because large budgets are more likely to be abused or stolen from. The public's need for more detailed budget information is met by the more detailed COVID-19 budget information page.
Allegations that the COVID-19 budget is not being used well can be lessened if the community is involved, especially in the monitoring process. This policy is in line with the principles of open government, which say that sharing information is the key to making a government that is open and includes everyone. This policy emphasizes the importance of openness and public participation.

Civil space
The policy of the Government of Indonesia that is in line with this policy area is to promote civic space (R. Y. Maulana, 2020;Murti et al., 2021). The ability of civil society to assist in the oversight of democratic government is shrinking. Several facts support this position: (1) The criminalization of civil society that exercises its freedom to access information and engage in critical expression about public policies. (2) The lack of data security and privacy protection for members of civil society who exercise their rights to knowledge and expression. (3) The excessive and arbitrary use of force and power in relation to the right to gather and organize.
Consequently, it is vital to increase awareness about restorative justice. Various government policies and programs, such as the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, have facilitated the implementation of restorative justice. However, restorative justice regulations for cases involving the right to information, the right to organize, the freedom to express opinions, and the right to assemble are not specified. This policy promotes the implementation of a more transparent restorative justice system so that individuals' rights are respected in every judicial proceeding.

CONCLUSION
Open government studies in Indonesia are quite interesting for researchers. Even