Bird Diversity in Paddy Field Habitats During The Paddy Ripening Phase ( Oryza sativa L .)

Birds are organisms that can be found in a variety of habitats. One of the bird habitats is paddy fields. Birds found in paddy fields generally carry out activities such as foraging, breeding, and competing. This study aims to determine the diversity of birds in paddy field habitats during the paddy ripening phase ( Oryza sativa L. ). The study was conducted from April to June 2022. The location of the study was Jurong Peujera Village, Ingin Jaya District, Aceh Besar Regency. This study used the Point Count method with a radius of 50 m and a distance between points of 150 m. Observations were made at 9 observation points with 4 repetitions, in which the duration of observations was 10 minutes at each observation point. The observation was conducted in the morning and evening at 06.30-10.00 AM and 03.30-05.00 PM. The results obtained were 2586 bird individuals consisting of 14 species from 11 families. The species with the highest number of individuals are Lonchura punctulata with 1535 individuals and Bubulcus ibis with 637 individuals. The highest percentage of families by species is Ardeidae (22%), and Estrildidae (15%). The Shannon-Wiener bird species diversity index in the paddy field area during paddy ripening phase was obtained H'=1.24 which indicates the level of diversity of the bird species is moderate. Meanwhile, based on the dominance index, Simpson shows a value of C=0.42 which indicates a low bird dominance level. The low level of bird dominance is due to the moderate diversity of species in the paddy field area.


Background
Indonesia plays an important role in food security in the agricultural sector that has extensive paddy fields. Paddy fields act as a habitat for a variety of organisms and also function in maintaining water purification, controlling floods and droughts, and preserving biodiversity. The existence of wetlands is crucial because it can reduce the impact of extreme climates that can harm regional communities and global ecosystems (Lee et al., 2018). Paddy fields are the largest area which can support a higher species richness and abundance. The area of paddy field can be used by various types of birds in a wet or dry condition according to the activity of the rice planting season (Oryza sativa L.) (Choi et al., 2021). There are two organs in the process of rice plant formation which are the vegetative organs, such as roots, stems and leaves and generative organs, such as panicles and seeds (Parul, 2017). Paddy fields are temporary wetlands that have great potential in supporting various species of birds. Thus, the study of birds in rice fields continues to increase around the world. Bird diversity in paddy fields is vital due to the fact that paddy fields have various stages in rice planting which causes the birds encountered to be different at each stage. The different stages in the rice fields are plowing, draining water, and planting (Munira et al., 2014). It can attract a variety of different birds to forage and breed (Munira et al., 2014).
Birds have an important role in running ecosystems in crop distribution, biological conservation and agriculture (Nurqamareena, 2018). The ecological view of birds plays a role in regulating ecosystem health (seed dispersal), plant pollination, and pest control (Sekerciogl, 2012). Almost a third of all bird species use agricultural habitats such as paddy fields (Sekerciogl, 2012). Birds act as predators of pest organisms such as insects and rats that can result in paddy field crop losses (Nisa and Setyoko, 2021). Paddy field birds are important species in controlling invertebrate populations, generally acting as pests causing losses to rice plants. Aside from being an important species, paddy field birds also function as indicator species in paddy fields (Kirinde et al., 2015). Birds can also regulate the presence of arthropod populations that can increase the productivity of rice plants in paddy fields.
Kecamatan Ingin Jaya is located in Aceh Besar Regency with the capital of the sub-district is Lambaro. The area of the subdistrict is 24.34 km² (2,424 Ha) and the geographical location is 5. . The number of settlements is six settlements, one of which is Pagar Air Village (6.37 km²). The number of village in Ingin Jaya Sub-district is 50 villages. Pagar Air Village has 12 villages, one of which is Jurong Peujeura Village. The Jurong Peujeura Village area is 0.77 km² (77 Ha). Jurong Peujeura Village has 34 Ha of paddy fields and is in a non-coastal area (BPS Aceh Besar District, 2020). The conversion of 80% paddy fields results in 10% of birds dying for a population of 50,000-100,000 birds per year and eliminates the function of paddy fields as an ecological role (Horgan et al., 2017). The presence of birds in the paddy field habitat during the paddy ripening phase attracts the attention of a variety of different bird species, considering that the conversion of paddy fields into settlements continues to increase. Therefore, this study aims to determine the richness and diversity of birds found during the rice harvesting phase in the paddy field habitat of Jurong Peujera Village, Aceh Besar District.

Time and Study Area
This study was conducted in paddy habitats from April to June 2022 adjusted to the rice harvesting phase schedule (Oryza sativa L.). The location of the study is in Jurong Peujeura sub-district of Ingin Jaya, Aceh Besar Regency, Aceh Province, Indonesia ( Figure 1).

Research Procedures
The materials used in this study were research objects of birds in rice fields, identification using Mackinnon et al., (2010) and Taufiqurrahman et al., (2022), and the burungnesia.id application. Bird research uses the point count method. Birds seen and heard were recorded, the type and number of individuals were observed silently at a predetermined point, then the birds found from nine points and four repetitions of observations in the paddy ripening phase were recorded. One point has a radius of 50 m, the distance between the first point to the next point is 150 m and one point is observed for 10 minutes before walking to the next observation point. Observations were conducted in the morning and evening at 06.30-10.00 AM and 03.30-05.00 PM which is the time when birds are active, such as food finding, flying, and other details.
Identification of a bird in the field is conducted by observing the general appearance of the body characteristics, body size, voice, behavior, color and pattern of plumage by using Nikula brand binoculars (Mahardono et al., 1980). Birds are then photographed for easier identification using a Canon PowerShot SX70 HS camera (Bismark, 2011). Further identification utilized the field guidebooks of Mackinnon et al., (2010) andTaufiqurrahman et al., (2022) as well as assistance from the burungnesia.id application.
Species and number of individual birds found in the field were recorded in each direct encounter, namely the number of individual birds, the number of species, bird activity, and the time of bird encounter in the rice ripening phase (Ramadhani et al., 2022).

Data analysis Species diversity index
Bird species diversity is calculated using the Shannon-Wiener species diversity index (Ludwig and Reynold, 1988) as follows: , which is Pi = ( ) Description: H' = Species diversity index, Pi = Total proportion of species abundance i, N = Number of individuals of all species, In = Natural logarithm, ni = Number of individuals of a species.

Dominance Index
The dominance index for obtaining information about bird species that dominate a community within a research area determined by Simpson is determined using the formula (Ludwig and Reynold, 1988) as follows:

Species diversity
Bird diversity at the research site of Jurong Peujeura Village, Ingin Jaya District during the paddy ripening phase (Oryza sativa L.), a 100-day age of birds found consisting of 14 species belonging to 11 families A total of 2586 bird individuals (Table 1). Bird diversity at the research site in Jurong Peujeura Village, Wanna Jaya District, during the ripening phase of rice (O. sativa L.) in which the ripe rice were around 100 days of age, birds consisting of 14 species belonging to 11 families were found with a total of 2586 individuals ( Table  1).
The percentage of families based on the number of species (Figure 2) that were present is the highest from the Ardeidae family (21%) with three species, and Estrildidae (14%) with two species. The following families have the same presentation based on the number of species of 7% including the family Artamidae (one species), Cisticolidae (one species), Columbidae (one species), Hirundinidae (one species), Meropidae (one species), Passeridae (one species), Ploceidae (one species), Pycnonotidae (one species), and Sturnidae (one species).  Based on the presentation of the bird feed guild, most of them were found to be Insectivores (35.71%) with as many as five species, which are White-breasted Woodswallow, Zitting cisticola, Pacific Swallow, Blue-tailed Bee-eater, and Javan myna. Five bird species were identified as granivores (35.71%) which are Eastern Spotted Dove, White-headed Munia, Scalybreasted Munia, Eurasian Tree Sparrow, and Streaked Weaver. Bird food guilds on Omnivores (21.34%) include Purple Heron, Cattle Egret, Little Egret and Frugivores (7.14%) feeding guild Yellow-vented Bulbul. The bird food guild was smaller on Omnivores (21.34%) which includes Purple Heron, Cattle Egret, Little Egret and the Frugivore eating guild (7.14%), including Yellow-vented bulbul.
Previous studies have shown that paddy fields provide suitable habitat for foraging, breeding activities and shelter for a variety of bird species. This includes migratory bird species that utilize paddy fields located along bird migration routes. Agricultural activities, rice growing season and landscape features of paddy fields are the main factors influencing the use of paddy fields by birds and the presence of birds (Munira et al., 2014).
The last stage is harvesting in which the fields are drained to dry and the rice plants are harvested. Rice plants are harvested using a tractor that attracts the attention of Cattle Egret, Little Egret to follow the movement of the tractor. The turning of the soil from the tractor causes fish, amphibians, snakes, lizards which are food to the birds to appear on the surface. In addition, the insectivorous White-breasted Woodswallow, Zitting cisticola, Pacific Swallow, Blue-tailed Bee-eater, and Javan myna flying around because along with the running tractor are the insects flying. The grain that remains after harvest is used by granivorous species. The paddy ripening phase was dominated by the Scaly-breasted Munia bird because the paddy field birds spent most of their time moving around and looking for food (Dwijayanti et al., 2021).
Paddy fields in many countries support large numbers of migratory water birds. The reason for the abundance may be due to the large amount of food supplies such as polychaetes, crustaceans and molluscs in the paddy fields during the bird migration season (Munira et al., 2014). Based on personal observations, waterbirds frequently move from one plot to another by selecting the quality and quantity of available habitat to take advantage of available prey resources and to maximize foraging efficiency. In addition to water birds, land birds also use paddy fields as a place to forage. This is consistent with the opinion of (Stafford et al., 2010) that the mixed species of waterbirds and land birds probably reflects the wide variety of animal and plant foods produced closely related to rice farming. a b Species Index and Dominance Index Shannon-Weiner bird species diversity index in the paddy field habitat during the paddy ripening phase of Jurong Peujeura Village, Aceh Besar was obtained H' = 1.24 which indicates a moderate level of bird species diversity. The diversity index (H') is used to get an overview of the population of organisms or the number of individuals of each species in a community or habitat, with a smaller H' category equal to 1 low diversity, low distribution, low community stability. H' 1 <H' < 3 moderate diversity, moderate distribution, moderate community stability. H' greater equals 3 high diversity, high distribution and high community stability (Odum, 1971).
Based on Simpson's dominance index, where C = 0.42, which indicates a low level of bird dominance. The low level of bird dominance is due to the moderate diversity of species in the paddy field area of Jurong Peujeura Village. The dominance index aims to determine whether there is a dominant species in a community. Dominance index values range from 0-1, criteria for the ecological condition of the community based on dominance index values indicate that, if the dominance index value approaches 0, then almost no species are dominant. The index value of waters indicates a community in a relatively stable state. Meanwhile, if the dominance index value is close to 1, then one species dominates the other species. This is caused by the community being in an unstable condition and ecological pressure occurs.

Bird Status
Based on the protection status of the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia No P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2 018 (2018), all bird species (100%) are categorized as not protected. Based on the IUCN conservation status (2022), most of the bird species (92.86%) are included in the Least Concern category with a population trend increasing (six species), which are Cattle Egret, Little Egret, Zitting cisticola, Eastern Spotted Dove, Pacific Swallow, Yellow-vented Bulbul, stable population (four species), which are White-breasted Woodswallow, White-headed Munia, Scalybreasted Munia, Streaked Weaver, and declining population (three species), which are Purple Heron, Blue-tailed Bee-eater, Eurasian Tree Sparrow. The rest are included in the vulnerable category (7.14%) with a declining population trend, which is the Javan myna from the Sturnidae family.
Populations of species within their natural range have declined rapidly as a result of trapping for bird trade, and due to the effects of pesticide use . The Javan myna species is vulnerable because it is traded in very large numbers from Sumatra to Java despite the greatly declining population numbers and are currently rarely seen. This decrease was almost entirely due to capture for the wild bird market, and 2054 were counted in a three-day inventory of birds openly sold in major markets in Java (Chng et al., 2015). Furthermore, a 2018 bird ownership survey involving more than 3,000 households in six provinces in Java estimated that 666,389 ± 126,881 Javan myna individuals were kept in Java alone (Marshall et al., 2020).
In addition, the conversion of land functions, especially paddy fields to housing, also poses a threat to birds. Paddydwelling birds that like dense undergrowth or residents under the canopy like Zitting cisticola. Birds that use paddy fields to eat vertebrates (fish and frogs) or invertebrates (molluscs, worms and crustaceans) are grouped as water birds such as the red heron, Cattle Egret, Little Egret will lose their source of food if the paddy fields are converted to function as a change. Each bird species has its own ecological roles and functions. For example, an insectivore plays a role in controlling pests and diseases in rice plants such as White-breasted Woodswallow, Zitting cisticola, Pacific Swallow, Blue-tailed Bee-eater, Javan myna.
Conservation efforts in rice fields can be initiated through bird surveys in various paddy fields. This is important to provide up-to-date information on the status of birds and population estimates. This approach can build links between research universities and conservation projects, which can be beneficial for biodiversity conservation in paddy fields (Munira et al., 2014).
Research development by universities can be achieved by using paddy fields as a place to teach students to conduct research related to the ecology, management and restoration of paddy fields. The purpose of all the aforementioned conservation actions is to maintain the quality of paddy fields as important habitat for various waterbirds. This implementation requires strong support and commitment from communities, conservation organizations, governments and scientists to achieve successful conservation programs that will ultimately benefit humans and wildlife.

Conclusion
In conclusion, 14 species from 11 families and 2586 individual birds found in paddy fields during the paddy ripening phase were classified as minimal. The species diversity index of 1.24 belongs to the medium category and the Dominance Index of 0.42 indicates no dominant species in the community.