Advancing Customary Village Development in Bali Through Community Participation: Do Village Government Roles Matters?

Objective – The provision of customary village funds in Bali can be viewed as a governmental initiative aimed at the preservation of cultural heritage. For the effective implementation of customary village development, it is imperative to involve the community directly and also acknowledge the role of the government. Methodology – The research was conducted in the Province of Bali with 94 customary villages as research objects. The methodology employed for data collection involved the distribution of questionnaires to the leaders of customary villages. The data was subsequently processed using moderation regression analysis, supplemented by interviews to augment the information provided by the respondents. Results – The study's findings indicate that the involvement of the community had a significant impact on the growth of conventional villages in Bali. The mobilisation of resources by the village government can potentially enhance the impact of community participation on the development of customary villages in Bali. Research limitations/implications – This research only reveals the success of customary village development in terms of community and government participation. This research has the impact that it is necessary to pay attention to the development of traditional villages to maintain local wisdom so that harmonization in society can be realized. Novelty/Originality – The originality of this research found that even though there is a separation of authority between the village government and customary village, the village government is still allowed to mobilize the community to be involved in the development of customary village so that environmental and cultural preservation can be achieved.


Introduction
The development of rural areas plays a crucial and strategic role in the context of national and regional development, as it encompasses the element of development equity.The outcomes of rural development are considered to have a greater capacity to directly impact the interests of a significant portion of the population residing in rural areas.In the context of rural development, the village government is positioned as a subsystem of the governance system, thereby endowing the village with the authority, duties, and obligations to manage and oversee the interests of its community by developing the village's sources of revenue (Luthfia, 2013).In accordance with the Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Villages, the development of villages aims to enhance the welfare of rural communities and the quality of human life, as well as to alleviate poverty through the fulfilment of basic needs, the construction of village infrastructure, the duties and responsibilities of the traditional village manager (Astara, 2018).This ensures that the customary village considers the spiritual intelligence possessed by the manager when assigning tasks and authorities, thereby enabling the proper execution of the traditional village work programme (Jayanthi et al., 2021).
The potential issues stemming from the presence of customary village funds can be mitigated through the implementation of more robust oversight mechanisms that align with the objectives of the customary village fund provision.According to the outcomes of interviews conducted in various conventional villages, it was found that the primary issue faced by the villagers was the lack of clarity in translating the allocation of village funds.Consequently, any utilization of these customary village funds necessitated prior coordination with the Customary village Council (MDA-Majelis Desa Adat), which frequently provided information that was not easily comprehensible.The involvement of the community in the management of customary village funds remains limited.This seems incongruous given the importance of traditional village communities in determining strategic decisions regarding the development of their villages (Ramstedt, 2012).Local customary law allows customary village communities to construct their own village constitutions (awig-awig).They also designate village leaders and security troops (pacalang) and resolve village constitution disputes.The practice of ensuring transparency in customary villages involves the provision of comprehensive reports on all activities undertaken.Nevertheless, the degree of community involvement in work programs is still deemed suboptimal.The involvement of the village government is crucial in promoting community participation in the development of customary villages in Bali.This is achieved by encouraging the community to participate in all work programs implemented by the customary villages.
Following the aforementioned issues, it is imperative to investigate the impact of community involvement on the advancement of customary villages in Bali.The utilization of the village government serves to augment the impact of communal involvement in the advancement of customary villages in Bali.

Literature Review, Theoretical Framework, and Hypothesis
Development 2.1 Customary Village Development Tjokroamidjojo (2006) posits that development entails a deliberate endeavour to transform and enhance a given societal state and circumstance into a more desirable social situation and condition.Todaro & Smith (2014) assert that development is a multifaceted phenomenon encompassing both physical and mental aspects of society.It is contingent upon a confluence of social, economic, and institutional processes that enable the creation of an improved standard of living Village development involves communal empowerment.Participation is not limited to externally strategized and executed development projects or village development program success efforts.Rather, it encompasses a broader scope, as posited by Chowdhooree et al. (2020).The crucial aspect of participation lies in the manner in which the village's progress is propelled by the ingenuity and drive of its inhabitants, thereby enabling them to effectively leverage their resources and expertise.This is particularly significant for the local populace.Karismawati (2015) asserts that even minute local potentials must not be disregarded as they have the potential to serve as a catalyst for growth.
Regional regulations no. 4 of 2019 pertaining to customary villages in Bali emphasize the Tri Hita Karana principle, which encompasses the development of Parhyangan, Palemahan, andPawongan (Perda No. 4 Tahun 2019 Tentang Desa Adat Di Bali, 2019).The 2021 technical guidelines for the use of customary village funds in Bali aim to develop Parhyangan to support customary villages' religious ceremonies.The ritual is financed to reduce the indigenous community's financial burden.Palemahan's development helps the customary village's ecology work properly.The Palemahan edifice was built by organizing the sacred precinct, building customary assembly halls, restoring shrines, and building infrastructure to help people practice customs.The Pawongan development effort aims to train religious leaders and traditional village managers, provide resources, and preserve customs.

Society Participation
According to Dwiningrum (2011), participation refers to the cognitive and affective engagement of an individual in a collective setting that motivates them to endorse the attainment of the group's objectives and assume accountability for the group.According to Regulation 5/2007 issued by the Minister of Home Affairs, participation refers to the community's active engagement and involvement in the process of development planning.According to Syafie (2002), participation refers to the assessment of an individual's attitude and engagement in the circumstances and context of an organization.This ultimately motivates the individual to contribute towards the achievement of organizational objectives and participate in shared responsibilities.
Community participation, also known as citizen participation, refers to the involvement of individuals, social groups, and organizations in the planning, implementation, and monitoring of policies that have a direct impact on their lives (Sumarto & Sj, 2003).Community participation entails the involvement of the community in collaboration with the government, given that the latter has traditionally been the primary agent responsible for the conception, coordination, and financing of development initiatives (Brock et al., 2021).It is anticipated that the participation of the community in all government initiatives will enhance the well-being of both the entity and the development process itself (Wondirad & Ewnetu, 2019).
Active involvement of the community is considered a fundamental attribute of effective governance.The act of participation can be viewed through the lens of power relations or political economy relations that align with democratic principles.According to Clausen & Gyimóthy (2016), participation refers to the active involvement, attentiveness, and contribution of community groups who are participating.As per Article 2, Paragraph 4, Letter d of Law No. 25 of 2004 pertaining to the national development planning system, the term "community participation" refers to the involvement of the community in the development plan preparation process, with the aim of accommodating their interests.Muna (2022) categorizes community participation into four distinct types, which include participation in decision-making, participation in the execution of activities, participation in monitoring and evaluation, and participation in the utilization of development outcomes.
Three factors make community planning important.First, the community provides information about local conditions, needs, and attitudes.Second, integrating the community in development activity program planning builds trust and ownership, which increases participation.Finally, community development is seen as a democratic right, which fosters participation (Clausen & Gyimóthy, 2016).Engaging the community in the planning process can enhance coordination and streamline resource management, thereby enabling the successful achievement of activity objectives.
According to Pramudya et al. (2022), community participation is a crucial factor in achieving successful village development within its specific context.The act of community involvement in constructing customary villages in Bali is analogous to the aforementioned statement.The extent to which the community is engaged as both a subject and an agent in the cultivation and safeguarding of indigenous knowledge is a crucial factor in the success of customary village development, as posited by Syaputri (2022).The customary practices in Bali, encompassing both conventional and spiritual rituals, invariably entail the participation of the native populace.The aforementioned observation suggests that the involvement of the community in various stages of customary village activities, ranging from planning to implementation and evaluation, can significantly contribute to the prosperous development of customary villages in Bali.This may encompass the enhancement of spiritual, environmental, and human development aspects.

Government Roles
According to Masumoto (2020), the role of the government in promoting empowerment is to guide the community toward achieving self-sufficiency and progress, with the ultimate goal of fostering prosperity that is not unduly imposed upon the community.The establishment of an optimal and comprehensive governmental role is necessary for the construction of a functional society.As per Firdaus (2020)'s research, the government has three distinct roles to play in the process of development.
1) The regulatory function of the government involves the formulation of directives aimed at achieving a harmonious balance between developmental pursuits and the promulgation of regulations to oversee compliance as a regulatory body.The government furnishes a fundamental point of departure for the populace as a mechanism for overseeing all affairs in accordance with the execution of empowerment initiatives.
2) As a dynamist, the government promotes and sustains local growth by facilitating community involvement despite any obstacles.The government guides people effectively and comprehensively.
3) As a facilitator, the government creates conditions for development efforts that reconcile varied community interests to optimize regional growth.The government facilitates aid through training, education, and skill development.
It also provides capital to empowered communities.This study centers on the role of the government as a dynamist, specifically in its efforts to engage customary village communities in the execution of customary village practices.According to Nurlia (2020) findings, the village government has demonstrated its ability to effectively engage the community in the process of promoting village development.The success of the village head can be attributed to the direct election process by the village community, which resulted in a high level of trust from the majority of the community (Yoserwan, 2023).
The presence of conventional hamlets in Bali operates independently from the directives of village governance.The jurisdiction of customary villages is not subject to the authority of the village government.According to Dharmayuda (2001), effective collaboration between customary villages and village government can enhance community involvement in achieving the developmental objectives of customary villages.According to Karismawati (2015), it is imperative that customary village funds allocated by the local government are utilized in a manner that is both efficient and transparent, specifically for customary activities.Customary villages are responsible for managing provincial government finances; however, they must provide a full account of each spending.The village administration encourages community participation in all customary village activities, from planning to evaluation, to ensure accountability in the use of customary village funds.

Research Method
totaling 1493 individuals distributed across 8 regencies and 1 municipal city.The sample was obtained using the Slovin formula, resulting in a total sample size of 94 customary village leaders.The study selected 94 traditional village heads as respondents based on their representation of traditional villages in Bali with similar characteristics and spiritual intelligence as traditional village managers.The proportional distribution of respondents was conducted based on the number of traditional villages in the regencies and municipalities of Bali.The region of Tabanan Regency is home to the highest number of traditional villages, specifically 349, with a total of 22 respondents.In contrast, Denpasar City has the lowest number of traditional villages, with only 35, and a total of 2 respondents.
The research design employed in this study is quantitative-causal research that aims to demonstrate the existence of a cause-and-effect relationship between the selected variables or to analyse a variable's influence on another variable (Cooper, Donald R., Schindler, 2006).The data source utilised in this study is primary data obtained directly from the research site.The instrument employed in this study was a questionnaire consisting of a list of statements that were distributed to the respondents.The questionnaire was created using the Likert scale method.The rating scale ranges from 1 (representing strongly disagree or very small) to 5 (representing very agree or very large).Each participant selects a single response from the item statement that is deemed most suitable for the circumstances in the field.Confirmation of each statement will be provided to the respondent to avoid providing a biassed answer.The doubts arising from the responses of the participants will be cross-referenced with those of the informants who possess the expertise to comprehend the conditions prevailing in the field.This will ensure that the outcomes accurately depict the real-life situation.
This study employs three variables, namely community participation (X) as an independent variable with indicators of planning and decision-making participation, activity implementation participation, and activity evaluation participation (Cohen & Uphoff, 1980;Li, 2006;Sumarto & Sj, 2003).The dependent variable in this study is the development of customary village (Y), which is measured by the indicators of spiritual development (parhyangan), physical environment development (palemahan), and human development (pawongan) (Perda No. 4 Tahun 2019Tentang Desa Adat Di Bali, 2019).Meanwhile, the role of village government (Z) as a moderating variable is indicated by its involvement in fostering and empowering communities (Amantha, 2021;Nubu & Ihsan Mattalitti, 2022;Prasojo & Fauziah, 2015;Wrihatnolo & Dwidjowijoto, 2007).The validity and reliability of the study were assessed by examining the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) and Cronbach's Alpha values.According to Sun et al. (2018), a research instrument is considered valid if the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) value is greater than 0.5.Additionally, a research instrument is deemed reliable if the Cronbach's Alpha value is greater than 0.7.
The data analysis technique employed was moderated regression analysis, utilising the SmartPLS Version 3.0 software programme.This analysis is employed to determine the role of the village government (Z) in strengthening or moderating the relationship between the independent variable of community participation (X) and the dependent variable of customary village development (Y).The processed data will be re-confirmed in the field to ensure the validity of the research findings.The employing of analytical techniques relies on the function of the village administration, which is lacking authority over the development of customary villages in Bali.The role of the village government is to promote the involvement of village communities in all work programmes conducted by traditional villages, in order to ensure the successful development of traditional villages.The data analysis results will demonstrate the correlation between community participation and the progress of traditional villages.Additionally, the analysis will elucidate the village government's capacity to promote community involvement in the development of traditional villages in Bali.

1 Findings
Prior to conducting data analysis, a research instrument test was performed to ensure that the data can be utilised to draw conclusions.The instrument test comprises two parts, namely the validity test and the reliability test.An indicator can be deemed valid if it has a loading factor above 0.5 towards the intended construct.The loading factor output for SmartPLS can be observed in Figure 2. The image depicts that all loading factor indicators in the study have values above 0.5.Thus, it can be stated that all research indicators are valid.
The reliability of an instrument indicates the stability and consistency of the instrument in measuring a concept or variable (Cooper, Donald R., Schindler, 2006).The reliability can be measured by examining the values of Cronbach's Alpha and Composite Reliability.According to Chin et al. (1998), Cronbach's Alpha is a measure of the lower bound of the reliability value of a construct, while Composite Reliability measures the actual value of the reliability of a construct.It is commonly accepted that the Cronbach's Alpha or Composite Reliability should exceed 0.7.However, if the obtained result approaches 0.7 (such as 0.6), it can still be deemed acceptable in exploratory studies (Hair, 2011).The research findings indicate that community participation (X) has a direct impact on the development of customary villages (Y), while the role of village government has no direct effect and only moderates the influence of community participation on the development of customary villages.This can be observed in the following figure.
In Figure 3, it is observed that the direct effect of community participation (X) on the development of customary villages (Y) is 4.761, while the direct effect of the role of village government (Z) on the development of customary villages (Y) is 0.743.The moderation value of the role of XZ village government in the influence of X community participation on Y customary village development is 2.086.The significance value of the influence of the aforementioned variable can be observed in Table 2.The significance value of the direct effect of community participation (X) on the development of customary villages (Y) is 0.000 < 0.05, indicating a significant positive influence of community participation on the development of customary villages in Bali.The significance value of the direct influence of the role of village government (Z) on the development of customary villages (Y) is 0.458 > 0.05, indicating that the village government does not have a direct impact on the development of customary villages in Bali.The significance value of the moderating variable is 0.037 < 0.05, indicating that the village government is capable of moderating (strengthening) community participation in the development of customary villages in Bali.

Keterangan
Based on its classification, the role of village government (Z) is categorized as a pure moderation variable.The government of the village variable is only capable of moderating the influence of the other two variables (community participation and customary village development) and does not have a direct impact on the dependent variable (customary village development).This implies that the village government role variable can only strengthen the influence of the predictor variable (community participation) on the dependent variable (customary village development) without being a predictor of the customary village development variable.

Discussion
Bali villages are unique in Indonesia.Traditional communities in Bali remain important alongside formal villages.They actively implement Village Law No. 6 of 2014, notwithstanding their different duties.Multiple law interpretations have resulted.Law Number 6 of 2014 on villages and government regulations has several pros and cons.The village government may not understand Law Number 6 of 2014's new government functions and responsibilities after implementing the above rule.Protocol concerns can arise for the village head.It is crucial to learn village governance procedures, which can take time (Noak, 2016).
The traditional village is autonomous since its establishment.It is a government-regulated village republic (Dorp Republik).A traditional Balinese village has an area, government, and customs that allow it to organize and manage its life sustainably.This is accompanied by a set of customary penalties that conform to dresta, or oral tradition, and awig-awig, which are adaptable to changing times (Ardhana, 2020).Traditional Bali villages have independent land, authority, and customary law.However, the Tri Hita Karana idea, which emphasizes preserving a harmonic balance between humans' interactions with God, fellow humans, and the natural world, guides them.Regional innovations like the Tri Hita Karana must be protected.Local wisdom or culture can withstand external pressures, generally from the West, that afterwards seem insurmountable (Purana, 2016).
The island of Bali is characterised by its traditional villages, which are defined by three fundamental components: religion, customs, and culture.The aforementioned three elements are inseparable from the traditional village or Bali.Preservation of traditional villages is necessary amidst the ongoing process of globalisation, which tends to erode societal values.According to Rubinstein & Connor (1999), despite the swift development of villages in Bali, this conventional village will persist in conserving and safeguarding the genuineness of Bali.The government must recognize traditional villages under the Law on Villages to prevent them from falling behind formal villages.Indigenous peoples can self-regulate and manage under this law.Traditional villages need financing to exercise their authority and carry out planned programs, especially those that preserve culture, customs, and religion.
Each traditional Bali village receives a customary village fund under Bali Province No. 4 of 2019.This fund protects Balinese culture.Traditional villages use customary village money for religious rites (parhyangan), environmental maintenance (palemahan), and human resource development (pawongan).Bali governor's ordinance (Pergub Bali No. 34, 2019) and regional regulations oversee customary village fund administration.This boosts village funds.The regulations require community involvement in customary village funds-supported traditional village work programs.Bali's community involvement is due to the "awig-awig" of typical villages enforcing local customs and culture.Community participation, delegated power, and public control are high in Bali.The community can influence decision-making, implementation, and direct oversight using this capacity.
In addition to community involvement, the government of the village also plays a crucial role in the advancement of traditional villages in Bali.According to recent research conducted by Badri & Anwar (2019) and Mustanir et al. (2020), the success of village development can be attributed to the synergy of village government and community participation.The process of promoting traditional village development through the mobilisation of government resources involves encouraging community involvement in the implementation of traditional village work programmes (Ernawati, 2019).The development of traditional villages can be achieved by motivating the village government and community to participate in the implementation of the traditional village work programme.This will enable the accomplishment of the objectives of traditional village development.

The Effect of Community Participation on Traditional Village Development
The study's findings indicate that the involvement of the community plays a crucial role in the prosperous advancement of traditional villages in Bali.The level of success in the development of a traditional village is positively correlated with the degree of community involvement in each work programme implemented by the traditional villages.The participation of the community in the development of traditional villages is demonstrated through their involvement in all phases of the process, including planning, execution, and assessment of each activity.
According to various customary village leaders, indigenous populations always participate in customary village money use.Facilitating socialization, forming activity committees, and scheduling the typical village labor program are the first steps.The traditional village invites the community to participate in work program activities, including religious ceremonies at the village temple and other temples, during implementation.The Wantilan temples, houses of worship, and surrounding lands are being improved by the local population.These efforts strive to make the community's traditional activities easy and comfortable.Customary leaders provide honest accountability reports to the community during evaluation to review operations.At this point, the community can provide constructive criticism and suggestions for future revisions.
Customary village funds help Bali preserve its culture.The customary village fund has inspired the community to engage in and oversee fund distribution to benefit the indigenous village community in accordance with the traditional village's vision and goal.Religious ceremonies in every indigenous village prove that customary village funds work.Traditional communal funds for religious rituals may reduce the financial load on the community.Customary village revenues help maintain facilities including wantilan, temples, and event venues.Traditional village administrators and religious leaders might be trained using customary village funds.HR management.Cohen & Uphoff (1980) found that community engagement greatly affects employment program implementation.According to (Botes & van Rensburg, 2000) efficacy.Community participation in decision-making can improve the effectiveness of programs.According to Lombogia et al. (2018), community involvement improves local work projects.Yoserwan (2023) adds that the work program's success depends on transparency and community involvement in fund allocation.Argenti & Karawang (2021) suggest that managing government funding well could help rural areas develop.Damayanti & Syarifuddin (2020) say community involvement in village development promotes transparency and harmony.Mutiara et al. (2019) reported varying outcomes, indicating that while community participation was favourable, sustained village development necessitated long-term planning.The current state of community involvement in village development indicates a lack of long-term commitment.According to Suarnata et al. (2017), insufficient human resources, inadequate outreach, limited public awareness, insufficient community engagement, and the emergence of politics within the village are among the factors that contribute to the persistent lack of community participation in village development.Potential solutions to the aforementioned issues involve promoting the development of village communities, enhancing the transparency of outreach efforts related to traditional village work programmes, engaging the community in all traditional activities, and establishing political neutrality within traditional villages.

Moderation of Village Government Roles
The study's findings indicate that the village government played a moderating role in facilitating community involvement, which in turn contributed to the successful development of traditional villages in Bali.The mobilisation of resources by the village government has the potential to enhance community engagement in the advancement of customary villages in Bali.The provision of guidance and empowerment by the village government plays a crucial role in stimulating community participation in the implementation of work programmes within traditional village communities.
According to ground reports, the village government's resource mobilization helped the community develop Bali's traditional villages.Through guidance, the community is mobilized to build a traditional village to strengthen the concordance between individuals and the divine realm (Parhyangan), individuals and their surroundings (Palemahan), and inter-communal relationships (Pawongan).The village council says the coaching program encourages community involvement in traditional village development to preserve and strengthen local culture.This coaching works because the community enthusiastically participates in all customary village operations.
Besides coaching, the village administration empowers communities to develop traditional villages.Every customary village labor project involves community members to develop a sense of connection and affiliation with the traditional village.To enable community scrutiny of village money, the village government improves financial oversight skills.To ensure efficacy and openness, community members are increasingly interested in administering traditional village funds.
The village authority must cooperate with traditional villages in Bali to invite the population to participate in traditional village work programs.Community engagement requires giving the community a chance to practice its culture.The village government must preserve local culture.This was done in addition to safeguarding cultural and social peace.Harmonious traditional village communities will encourage community participation in village development.The village authority should also urge traditional villages to openly discuss labor programs with the community to explain their goals and benefits.
The village government must serve cultural, socio-economic, and political needs.Community involvement is affected by low socioeconomic status.Some Balinese believe traditional practices are expensive.Of course, this is the biggest barrier to lowincome people joining traditional villages.The village authority must help the community pay for customary village activities to solve this problem.Community rituals may need money or infrastructure.It will encourage community participation in traditional village development by relieving inhabitants of customary obligations.
Politics affect community participation.Villagers often fight over the direct village head election.This often produces long-term village divisions.Low-politicalmaturity village societies often have this.Political immaturity divides the hamlet, affecting customs.Field data shows that political tensions have reduced community engagement in traditional village activities.Collaboration between village government and traditional village administration solves this challenge.The village government calls a meeting of the disputing parties, and the traditional village officials keep it short by using a familial approach.Sumarto & Sj (2003) suggest that community involvement can help the government innovate and promote development.This study supports Mondong (2013)'s claim that government mobilization can boost community engagement in development projects.Mau & Dwinanarhati (2019) found that village government mobilization increases community involvement in village development.The community must support its own development.Umar et al. (2013) believe that providing space for community participation can boost village development.Hasan et al. (2023) found that village government cultural management through community traditions increased community involvement.The village government protects local culture and encourages resident participation in community development.This is vital for creating a community where residents freely and actively improve their village.Mustanir et al. (2020) found that village government and community involvement in development planning can improve village development.Community participation in village development may be difficult if community members are only allowed to advise the village authority (Imtihan et al., 2017).Arifin (2019) claims that weak outreach attempts are the village government's obligation in increasing community engagement.Development efforts were incompletely implemented, limiting community effect.The village government must create community-focused labor programs to socialize activities.This will make community acceptance easier.

Conclusion
In summary, the involvement of the community plays a significant role in the prosperous advancement of customary villages in Bali.The efficacy of utilising customary village funds for cultural preservation in Bali can be enhanced through the incorporation of strategic planning, efficient implementation, and rigorous evaluation.The dynamic role of the village government in the development of traditional villages in Bali is noteworthy.The customary village funds allocated for the development of traditional villages witnessed a surge in community participation, thanks to the efforts of the village government.The successful implementation of resource mobilisation by the village government has resulted in an increase in community involvement in the development of traditional villages in Bali.
Alpha values for all variables (Society Participation, The Role of Village Government, and Customary village Development) exceed 0.7, indicating that all research variables are reliable.