The Role of Streptococcus mutans Virulence Proteins in the Pathogenesis of Endocarditis: Mechanisms of Action and Impact on Heart Infections, A Review

Brigad Mahardika Winato; Tri Adi Mylano

doi:10.24815/jds.v9i1.40228

The Role of Streptococcus mutans Virulence Proteins in the Pathogenesis of Endocarditis: Mechanisms of Action and Impact on Heart Infections, A Review

Brigad Mahardika Winato, Tri Adi Mylano

Abstract

Background: Streptococcus mutans, known for causing dental caries, can also lead to endocarditis, a severe heart infection involving inflammation of the heart's inner lining and valves. This study focuses on the virulence proteins of Streptococcus mutans and their role in endocarditis pathogenesis. Objective: To investigate the mechanisms of action of Streptococcus mutans virulence proteins and their impact on the development of endocarditis. Methods: A comprehensive literature review focused on the virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans, such as Glucosyltransferases (Gtf), Adhesin P1 (Antigen I/II), Dextranase, and proteolytic enzymes. The role of these proteins in bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, and tissue invasion was analyzed. Results: Glucosyltransferases facilitate biofilm formation by synthesizing sticky glucans from sucrose, protecting bacteria, and aiding the colonization of heart valves. Adhesin P1 enables bacterial attachment to host tissues, which is crucial for initial colonization. Dextranase modifies biofilm structure, enhancing stability and resistance. Proteolytic enzymes degrade host proteins, aiding bacterial invasion and causing tissue damage. Conclusion: Streptococcus mutans employ multiple virulence proteins to adhere to, colonize, and invade heart tissues, leading to endocarditis. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing preventive and therapeutic strategies against this severe infection.

Keywords

Endocarditis, Protein Virulens, Streptococcus mutans, Heart

Full Text:

PDF

References

Lemos JA, Quivey Jr RG, Koo H, Abranches J. Streptococcus mutans: a new Gram-positive paradigm? Microbiology 2013;159(Pt_3):436-45.

Cimmino G, Bottino R, Formisano T, et al. Current views on infective endocarditis: changing epidemiology, improving diagnostic tools and centering the patient for up-to-date management. Life 2023;13(2):377.

Stamate E, Ciobotaru OR, Arbune M, et al. Multidisciplinary Perspectives of Challenges in Infective Endocarditis Complicated by Septic Embolic-Induced Acute Myocardial Infarction. Antibiotics 2024;13(6):513.

Daboor SM, Masood FSS, Al-Azab MS, Nori EE. A review on streptococcus mutans with its diseases dental caries, dental plaque and endocarditis. Indian Journal of Microbiology Research 2015;2(2):76-82.

Di Domenico EG, Oliva A, Guembe M. The current knowledge on the pathogenesis of tissue and medical device-related biofilm infections. Microorganisms 2022;10(7):1259.

Liao S, Klein MI, Heim KP, et al. Streptococcus mutans extracellular DNA is upregulated during growth in biofilms, actively released via membrane vesicles, and influenced by components of the protein secretion machinery. Journal of bacteriology 2014;196(13):2355-66.

Bouaziz A, Houfani AA, Baoune H. Enzymology of Microbial Biofilms. Ecological Interplays in Microbial Enzymology: Springer; 2022. p. 117-40.

Avilés‐Reyes A, Miller JH, Lemos JA, Abranches J. Collagen‐binding proteins of Streptococcus mutans and related streptococci. Molecular oral microbiology 2017;32(2):89-106.

Rowińska I, Szyperska-Ślaska A, Zariczny P, et al. The influence of diet on oxidative stress and inflammation induced by bacterial biofilms in the human oral cavity. Materials 2021;14(6):1444.

Del Giudice C, Vaia E, Liccardo D, et al. Infective endocarditis: a focus on oral microbiota. Microorganisms 2021;9(6):1218.

Cocorullo M, Chiarelli LR, Stelitano G. Improving Protection to Prevent Bacterial Infections: Preliminary Applications of Reverse Vaccinology against the Main Cystic Fibrosis Pathogens. Vaccines (Basel) 2023;11(7).

Ambrosioni J, Hernandez-Meneses M, Téllez A, et al. The changing epidemiology of infective endocarditis in the twenty-first century. Current infectious disease reports 2017;19:1-10.

Rocha FR, Regis WF, Duarte S, Muniz FW, Rodrigues LK. Effect of bioactive compounds on the regulation of quorum sensing network-associated genes and virulence in Streptococcus mutans—A systematic review. Archives of Oral Biology 2020;119:104893.

Matsumoto-Nakano M. Role of Streptococcus mutans surface proteins for biofilm formation. Jpn Dent Sci Rev 2018;54(1):22-29.

Krzyściak W, Jurczak A, Kościelniak D, Bystrowska B, Skalniak A. The virulence of Streptococcus mutans and the ability to form biofilms. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 2014;33:499-515.

Mieher JL. Investigation into the Structure and Function of Streptococcal Antigen I/II Family of Proteins [The University of Alabama at Birmingham; 2021.

Chen Z, Chen J, Ni D, et al. Microbial dextran-hydrolyzing enzyme: Properties, structural features, and versatile applications. Food Chemistry 2023:137951.

Barzkar N, Babich O, Das R, et al. Marine Bacterial dextranases: fundamentals and Applications. Molecules 2022;27(17):5533.

Otsugu M, Nomura R, Matayoshi S, Teramoto N, Nakano K. Contribution of Streptococcus mutans strains with collagen-binding proteins in the presence of serum to the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis. Infection and Immunity 2017;85(12):10.1128/iai. 00401-17.

Nomura R, Matayoshi S, Otsugu M, et al. Contribution of severe dental caries induced by Streptococcus mutans to the pathogenicity of infective endocarditis. Infection and immunity 2020;88(7):10.1128/iai. 00897-19.

Braga MP, Piovesan A, Valarini N, et al. Genotypic diversity and virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans in caries-free and caries-active individuals. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 2013;56:241-48.

Zhao W, Li W, Lin J, Chen Z, Yu D. Effect of sucrose concentration on sucrose-dependent adhesion and glucosyltransferase expression of S. mutans in children with severe early-childhood caries (S-ECC). Nutrients 2014;6(9):3572-86.

Abo Bakr RA, Tawfick MM, Mostafa ZA, Abdulall AK. Virulence traits-based behavior of Streptococcus mutans bacteria from dental plaque and dental caries conditions. Microbial Biosystems 2021;6(1):75-85.

Abdel-Aziz SM, Aeron A. Bacterial biofilm: dispersal and inhibition strategies. Scholarena Journal of Biotechnology 2014;1(1):105.

Mosaddad SA, Tahmasebi E, Yazdanian A, et al. Oral microbial biofilms: an update. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 2019;38:2005-19.

Lerche CJ, Schwartz F, Theut M, et al. Anti-biofilm approach in infective endocarditis exposes new treatment strategies for improved outcome. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 2021;9:643335.

Bjarnsholt T. The role of bacterial biofilms in chronic infections. Apmis 2013;121:1-58.

Álvarez S, Leiva-Sabadini C, Schuh CM, Aguayo S. Bacterial adhesion to collagens: implications for biofilm formation and disease progression in the oral cavity. Critical reviews in microbiology 2022;48(1):83-95.

Yumoto H, Hirota K, Hirao K, et al. The pathogenic factors from oral streptococci for systemic diseases. International journal of molecular sciences 2019;20(18):4571.

Mir B, Yang J, Li Z, et al. Review on recent advances in the properties, production and applications of microbial dextranases. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2023;39(9):242.

Wang B, Wu Y, Li Q, et al. The Screening and Identification of a Dextranase-Secreting Marine Actinmycete Saccharomonospora sp. K1 and Study of Its Enzymatic Characteristics. Marine Drugs 2024;22(2):69.

Lu L, Zhao Y, Li M, et al. Contemporary strategies and approaches for characterizing composition and enhancing biofilm penetration targeting bacterial extracellular polymeric substances. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis 2023.

Ivanova K, Ramon E, Hoyo J, Tzanov T. Innovative approaches for controlling clinically relevant biofilms: Current trends and future prospects. Current topics in medicinal chemistry 2017;17(17):1889-914.

Topka-Bielecka G, Dydecka A, Necel A, et al. Bacteriophage-derived depolymerases against bacterial biofilm. Antibiotics 2021;10(2):175.

Lin Y-K, Yang S-C, Hsu C-Y, Sung J-T, Fang J-Y. The antibiofilm nanosystems for improved infection inhibition of microbes in skin. Molecules 2021;26(21):6392.

Kumar A, Alam A, Rani M, Ehtesham NZ, Hasnain SE. Biofilms: Survival and defense strategy for pathogens. International Journal of Medical Microbiology 2017;307(8):481-89.

Schulze A, Mitterer F, Pombo JP, Schild S. Biofilms by bacterial human pathogens: Clinical relevance-development, composition and regulation-therapeutical strategies. Microbial Cell 2021;8(2):28.

Jiang Y, Geng M, Bai L. Targeting biofilms therapy: current research strategies and development hurdles. Microorganisms 2020;8(8):1222.

Tomlin H, Piccinini AM. A complex interplay between the extracellular matrix and the innate immune response to microbial pathogens. Immunology 2018;155(2):186-201.

Vaca DJ, Thibau A, Schütz M, et al. Interaction with the host: the role of fibronectin and extracellular matrix proteins in the adhesion of Gram-negative bacteria. Medical microbiology and immunology 2020;209(3):277-99.

Ali S, Abbdin MZU, Ali MF, Ali W. From Simple to its Extreme: Proteases Serving as Innovative Bacterial Weapon.

Zamperini CA, Aydin B, Sroussi HY, Bedran-Russo AK. In vitro Study of the Role of Human Neutrophil Enzymes on Root Caries Progression. Caries Research 2021;55(2):99-107.

Marcano R, Rojo MÁ, Cordoba-Diaz D, Garrosa M. Pathological and therapeutic approach to endotoxin-secreting bacteria involved in periodontal disease. Toxins 2021;13(8):533.

Aarabi G, Seedorf U. Oral Inflammations and Systemic Diseases: MDPI; 2020.

Fu Y, Rubio AH, Gscheider C, et al. Oral and Dental Infections: Bacteria. Ref. Modul. Biomed. Sci 2021;10.

Larsson AM, Andersson R, Ståhlberg J, Kenne L, Jones TA. Dextranase from Penicillium minioluteum: reaction course, crystal structure, and product complex. Structure 2003;11(9):1111-21.

Jilg S. Origin and expansion of the serine protease repertoire in the myelomonocyte lineage. 2021.

Kenri T, Kawakita Y, Kudo H, et al. Production and characterization of recombinant P1 adhesin essential for adhesion, gliding, and antigenic variation in the human pathogenic bacterium, Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 2019;508(4):1050-55.

Novaryantiin S, Riani C, Retnoningrum DS. Optimization of β-Cyclodextrin Production from Sago Starch using Recombinant Cyclodextrin Glycocyltransferase from Bacillus sp. A2-5a. Optimization 2014;8(3):127-34.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24815/jds.v9i1.40228