Analysis of Water Quality and Quality Status in Aceh Rivers Based on Environmental Pollution Index

The rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in the world impact increased water pollution. Human activities, such as dam constructions, excessive water consumption, severance of river flows, compaction of riverbanks, and excessive use of riverbed vegetation, disrupt river flow and alter the original hydrological cycle. In response to these conditions, this study aims to analyze water quality and river quality status to set up a watershed environmental management strategy in Aceh Province as a case study. River water quality was analyzed descriptively by comparing the results of laboratory tests with parameters, namely TSS, pH, BOD, COD, DO, total phosphate, nitrate, and fecal coli. These parameters were then transformed into the environmental index (Water Quality Index and Pollution Index). It was found that Water Quality Index (WQI) results are shown from 50 to 70. WQI with the Good category is at Kr. Weh which is in the Central Aceh city. The medium-less type was found in 10 watersheds. The water quality with the category of Less was found at 3 points, namely Kr. Aceh, Kr. Doy, and Kr. Daroy. The quality of the river water in the Aceh region, from upstream to downstream, has decreased in quality with a lightly polluted status based on the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia No. 27 of 2021 for class II. Therefore the impact of this research to find out the water quality status of the watershed, the contaminants found in the water, and the Government Could plan and create a proper sustainable clean water supply system related to the provision of clean water and sanitation for various underdeveloped areas in the Aceh region.


Introduction
Human activities, such as dam construction, excessive water consumption, severance of river flows, compaction of riverbanks, and excessive use of riverbed vegetation, disrupt river flow, alter the original hydrological cycle, and finally impact the water quality (Pearson, R. G., et al., 2021).The overuse of agricultural chemicals and poor sanitary conditions in agricultural areas predisposes water sources to be chemical and biological contamination, which in turn poses a high risk of disease outbreaks for the local population (Egbueri et al., 2020).People have adopted environmental management strategies for watersheds in response to this unfortunate event.These positive and negative human interventions affect river quality (Zhao et al., 2019) Aceh has many rivers that run along the Province.In some locations, the river bank is used as a recreational location.Recreation is fishing or gathering at the many cafes set up on the banks of the river.The river also serves as a place to collect rainwater so humans can reuse it (Gadeng et al., 2020).Polluted rivers are caused by unpredictable natural activities, such as changing climates which can damage the river morphology (Poikane et al., 2021).In addition to the above factors, domestic pollutants will also worsen water quality, making it unsafe for human consumption (Suriadikusumah et al., 2021).As the population increases every year, it will increase domestic activities that affect water quality (Ngasala, T. M et al., 2019).Furthermore, the need for hygienic drinking water for domestic and irrigation water for agriculture and industry is substantial.The disposal of contaminants of organic matter, nutrients, and heavy metals into rivers, therefore, will be anthropogenic (Suwatanti et al., 2022), affecting community stability, changing ecosystem productivity, affecting the organic matter reshuffle cycle, food chains, and aquatic ecological integrity (Zeleňáková et al., 2021).
The purpose of watershed management is to use natural resources sustainably so that it does not endanger the local or even global environment (Gadeng et al., 2020).Several researchers have used several studies on applying the pollution index (PI) or water quality index (WQI) to assess the level of pollution in rivers (Suriadikusumah et al., 2021).
From previous studies such as (Ondara et al., 2022) (Tian et al., 2019), and (Tanjung et al., 2019) using the PI method only to determine watershed pollution, this study adds an advanced method or conversion of PI to WQI.Therefore, PI and WQI can be useful Government can plan and create a proper sustainable clean water supply system.

The Study Areas
Data collection in this study was carried out in the year 2021 by Watershed Management Center.In every river, it takes stations at every stage at every sample point.Considering the important role of rivers for local communities, the quality of monitoring points must be controlled for sustainable uses.A sampling of each monitoring point studied was carried out in two or three periods.Station sampling locations are presented in Figure 1.

Data Sampling
Based on the study area presented in Figure 1, the details of the sampling points in the year 2021 in several watersheds.The sampling of each monitoring point is presented in Table 1.

Data Analysis
The water quality of the Aceh Region River was analyzed by comparing the results of laboratory tests with the water Quality parameter standard art based on Indonesian Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulations about Environmental Quality Index.WQI can show information on water conditions by comparing it with national quality standards (Saraswati et al., 2019) Figure 1.Aceh Rivers Area Map.

Determination of Pollution Index (PI)
PI information can be seen as pollutant sources, environmental management, and water quality maintained (Ondara et al., 2022).The PI value was obtained by using parameters information based on the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia No. 27 of 2021 concerning the Environmental Quality Index.The PI value limits used can determine the quality status with good categories (0 ≤ IPj ≤ 1.0), light polluted (1.0 ≤ IPj ≤ 5.0), moderately polluted (5.0 ≤ IPj ≤ 10.0), and heavily polluted (IPj ≥ 10.0).
The calculation used to determine the status of river water quality was the Pollution Index (PI) method which is shown as follows: For DO parameter, it is necessary to determine the theoretical DO value or the maximum value of Cim (which is saturated DO = 7).Then the Ci/Lij value of the measurement results is replaced by the calculated Ci/Lij value following Eq. 2 and If all the value (Ci/Lij) result is more than 1, new (Ci/Lij) will follows Eq. 3. (Purnamasari, D. E., 2017).
Remark: Cim = Ci Maximum, which is saturated DO = 7 P = a constant, which value is 5

Water Quality Index
According to the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Indonesia No. 27 of 2021, the Pij value each stations was converted to WQI by multiplying the index value Renault with the percentage of quality standards.WQI Qualification river value could be classified as water quality from "Very Good", "good", "Medium Less", "Not Enough", and "Very Less" categories as given in Table 3.

Pollution Index (PI)
River water samples in Table 5 can be seen that each point in the sampling monitoring area is shown.Activities in watershed areas such as settlements, livestock, and agriculture will affected with river water quality (Ewaid et al., 2020); (Algifari & Adiansyah, 2021) and (Rodríguez-Merchan et al., 2021).The value of the quality status of the pollution index per point is in the range of 0.75 to 7.93.The quality of river water from upstream to downstream has decreased from good quality to lightly polluted.This can be seen from the value of Pij (pollutant index).Kr. weh which is in the central aceh city has good water quality.This is probably because the land around the watershed still has a lot of forests, so there has not been a high.An example of (Rahmatillah et al., 2021) previous study showns PI values that was compared with this Study.Other district watersheds, it has been lightly polluted, this is probably because the land use around the watershed is used as residential and agricultural areas which causes water pollution.Generally, upstream areas still have good conditions, further downstream the water has been lightly polluted like Aceh Besar although at some points in other districts it fluctuated.This increase in the pollutant index value certainly indicates the status of river water quality has decreased.This is likely due to the development of small communityowned industries in downstream areas such as the cowhide processing industry, tempe processing, the Acehnese cake industry, and brick factories around Aceh Besar District.Some of these industrial activities certainly contribute to domestic waste which is usually directly discharged into river bodies without being processed first.This will certainly increase the concentration of BOD, COD, pH, phosphate, and total coliform in water (Ewaid et al., 2020).In addition, the increase in population from year to year also contributes to the amount of domestic waste entering the water, which certainly affects pollutant parameters (Ngasala, T. M., et al., 2019).Conditions in the upstream have better water quality than the downstream.This is due to the large number of indirect pollutants carried by rain activities that bring pollutants into the water flowing downstream (Wu et al., 2021).According to the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Indonesia No. 27 of 2021 the quality of river water from upstream, middle, and downstream changes from class 1 which can be used as drinking water to class 2 which is used for recreation, animal husbandry, plantations, and fish farming.

Water Quality
On Indonesian Minister of Environment and Forestry No: 27 of 2021, the calculation of WQI was transformed by using the Pij value index of each station's value.In the condition of Kr.Woyla has 19 monitoring points, 5 Good quality points, and 14 light polluting points.Pij to WQI conversion can be seen in the Table 6.
The data in Table 6 was calculated for 13 of each river.From the results of the WQI calculation.WQI results Aceh Rivers in 2021 can be seen in Table 7. Table 7 shows that there has been a decrease in water quality in several places.WQI Nasional Standart from the 2021 environment and forestry service report was at point 52,70.A good category was found in one River, namely Kr.Weh.At Kr. Woyla, Kr.Meureubo.This shows that WQI is related to land use and surrounding rivers activities.Water quality in the Poor category is found at 3 points, namely Kr Aceh (Banda Aceh city), Kr.Doy, and Kr.Daroy.Thus, it is necessary to control efforts to prevent river water pollution by involving Krueng Baru, Kr.Aceh (Aceh Besar), Kr.Peureulak, Kr.Peusangan, Kr.Tripa, Kr.Lung Panga is categorized as medium less, while the remaining 3 rivers are the not enought qualification.At Table 7. explains the result of watershed sampling points resented in Figure 2. Stakeholders such as the government, the private sector, and the community.Some control efforts such as urging the community around the river to maintain the cleanliness of the river, make rules and punishments, and innovate.Generally, people throw domestic waste into rivers that can damage river ecosystems both physically and chemically and threaten clean water supplies (Tian et al., 2019).In addition, several other examples of activities around watersheds can contaminate water, such as heavy metal contamination of chromium (Sunarsih et al., 2018) lead (Hashim et al., 2018), and domestic waste (Adiansyah., 2020).

Conclusion
River water quality in the Aceh region seen from the physical and chemical parameters of water indicates that there has been a decline in quality.This can be seen from several water quality parameters that have exceeded the required quality standards and overall shows a declining Water Quality Index in both seasons.The quality of the river water in the Aceh region, from upstream to downstream, has decreased in quality with the status of being the lightest polluted based on the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia NO. 27 of 2021 for class II.Therefore by knowing the water quality status of the watershed, the contaminants in the water, and the Government can plan and create a proper sustainable clean water supply system related to the provision of clean water and sanitation for various underdeveloped areas in the Aceh region.

Table 1 .
Point of stations in every steps.

Table 1 .
Point of stations in every steps (continued).

Table 4 .
comparison of previous studies.

Table 5 .
Result of PI each Stations.

Table 5 .
Result of PI each Stations (continued).

Table 5 .
Result of PI each Stations (continued).

Table 5 .
Result of PI each Stations (continued).

Table 7 .
The result of WQI measurements each river at Aceh province.