ENHANCING SOCIAL SECURITY AMID ARMED CONFLICT: TOWARD LEGAL PROTECTIONS FOR WORKERS FACING EMPLOYMENT LOSS
Abstract
The significant impact of armed conflict on social conditions can be mitigated through the establishment of certain preventive measures to protect social security in cases of employment loss resulting from armed conflict. This study focuses on the social conditions arising from armed conflict and the national laws pertaining to worker social security in cases of employment loss, with a specific focus on Ukraine, Israel, Palestine, and Libya. Utilizing a doctrinal and socio-legal methodology, this article aims to provide insights for the development of preventive legal protections for workers facing employment loss in the aftermath of armed conflicts. The study reveals that social conditions are disrupted, leading to many workers losing their jobs without clear access to employment loss benefits due to the lack of legal certainty within national laws during armed conflict situations. Prior to the occurrence of armed conflict, national employment laws should clearly outline the conditions under which benefits can be accessed and how these benefits can be provided to affected workers, either within the conflict zone or in neighboring unaffected countries through institutional cooperation.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
(ILO), International Labour Organization. “Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistic: Impact of the War in Gaza on the Labour Market and Livelihoods in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.” BUlletin No.3, n.d.
A. Couch, Kenneth, and Gayle L. Reznik. “The Incidence and Consequences of Private Sector Job Loss in the Great Recession.” Social Security Bulletin 78, no. 1 (2018): 31–45.
Aliabieva, Nataliia, and Lenur Kerymov. “The Right to Social Protection of Persons with Disabilities According to International Standards.” Social Legal Studios 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2022). https://doi.org/10.32518/2617-4162-2022-5-63-69.
Amriyati, Amriyati, Siti Nurbaiti, Masri Rumita, and Fraya Layola Nainggolan. “Women Worker Protection: A Systematic Review On Maternity Protection In Indonesia.” Devotion : Journal of Research and Community Service 4, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 392–401. https://doi.org/10.36418/devotion.v4i2.394.
Ariningsih, Nura Damayanti, Windy Ratna Yulifa, and Aris Prio Agus Santoso. “Legal Protection For Workers Through Social Security Program.” Journal Research of Social Science, Economics, and Management 1, no. 1 (August 31, 2021): 18–30. https://doi.org/10.59141/jrssem.v1i1.2.
Bazzhina, Viktoria. “Labour Activity as a Factor of Social, Economic and Emotional Well-Being of the Population.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 166 (January 2015): 74–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.486.
Behrendt, Christina, Quynh Anh Nguyen, and Uma Rani. “Social Protection Systems and the Future of Work: Ensuring Social Security for Digital Platform Workers.” International Social Security Review 72, no. 3 (July 10, 2019): 17–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12212.
Bravemen, Paula. “Social Conditions, Health Equity, and Human Rights.” Health and Human Rights 12, no. 2 (2010): 31–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.13016/SQGV-DXJO.
Chynowet, Paul. “Chapter Three Legal Research,” 2008.
Cottle Hunt, Erin, and Frank N. Caliendo. “Social Security and Risk Sharing: A Survey of Four Decades of Economic Analysis.” Journal of Economic Surveys 36, no. 5 (December 10, 2022): 1591–1609. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12492.
Creutzfeldt, Naomi, Marc Mason, and Kirsten McConnachie. Routledge Handbook of Socio-Legal Theory and Methods. Edited by Naomi Creutzfeldt, Marc Mason, and Kirsten McConnachie. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429952814.
Fiedler, Charlotte. “What Do We Know about How Armed Conflict Affects Social Cohesion? A Review of the Empirical Literature.” International Studies Review 25, no. 3 (June 23, 2023). https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viad030.
Gorodnichenko, Yuriy, Marianna Kudlyak, and Ayşegül Şahin. “The Effect of the War on Human Capital in Ukraine and the Path for Rebuilding.” Stanford, 2022.
Hamid, Abdel, Sherif, and Muhammad Al-Banan. Right to Social Security in Countries of Armed Conflict, 2023.
Hammad, Maya, and Nourjelha Mohamed. “A Mapping of Libya’s Social Protection Sector.” Brasilia, 2022.
Hyslop, Dean R., David C. Maré, Shakked Noy, and Isabelle Sin. “Involuntary Job Loss: Welfare Effects, Earnings Impacts and Policy Options.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3937734.
International Committee of the Red Cross. “How Is the Term ‘Armed Conflict’ Defined in International Humanitarian Law?,” 2008.
International Labour Organization. “The ILO Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102),” 1955.
Israel Statutory and Private Employee Benefits Report Overview. Global Data, n.d.
Istomina, Yelena Alexandrovna, and Julia Valeryevna Ivanchina. “Labour Law and Social Security Law: Social Value in the Modern World.” Edited by F.V. Fetyukov. SHS Web of Conferences 134 (February 9, 2022): 0045. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213400045.
ITUC CSI. “Workers’ Rights in Crisis: Palestinian Workers in Israel and the Settlements,” 2021.
Jaber, Firas. “The Social Security Law in Palestine: A Seek For Justice.” Ramallah, 2017.
Jonghs, Maurits de. Public Goods: Why Government Should Provide Them. Utrech: Utrech University, 2021.
Jorens, Yves, Bernhard Spiegel, Carlos Garcia de Cortazar, and Jean-Claude Fillo. “Coordination of Long-Term Care Benefits: Current Situation and Future Prospects: Think Tank Report 2011.” Ghent, 2012.
Lacerda, Carla. “The State of the Social Protection System in Ukraine as It Reaches the One-Year Mark of the Conflict.” SocialProtection.org, 2023. https://socialprotection.org/discover/blog/state-social-protection-system-ukraine-it-reaches-one-year-mark-conflict.
LexisNaxis. “Worker Definition.” LexisNexis Employment Expert, 2024. https://www.lexisnexis.co.uk/legal/glossary/worker.
Lomonosova, Nataliia, and Katherina Babych. “Social Security and War in Ukraine.” CEDOS, 2022.
Melzer, Nils, and Etienne Kuster. “New IHL Handbook.” International Review of the Red Cross 98, no. 901 (April 10, 2016): 353–353. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383117000091.
Messer, Ellen, Marc J Cohen, and Thomas Marchione. “Conflict: A Cause and Effect of Hunger.” Entwicklung Und Laendlicher Raum 34, no. 1 (2001): 18–21.
Nurbaiti, Siti. “Asuransi Tanggung Jawab Pengangkut Terhadap Penumpang Dalam Penyelenggaraan Pengangkutan Di Jalan.” Universitas Trisakti, 2013.
OHCHR. “Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights,” 2015.
Omar, Karam. “Palestinian Opposition to Social Security: Revolution or Devolution.” Al-Shabaka, 2019. https://al-shabaka.org/commentaries/palestinian-opposition-to-social-security-revolution-or-devolution/.
Ouchi, Shinya. “The Mechanism for Establishing and Changing Term and Conditions of Employment/ The Scope of Labor Law and the Notion of Employees.” JILPT Comparative Labor Law Seminar. Tokyo, 2004.
Packard, Truman, Ugo Gentilini, Margaret Grosh, Philip O’Keefe, Robert Palacios, David Robalino, and Indhira Santos. Protecting All: Risk Sharing for a Diverse and Diversifying World of Work. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1427-3.
Permanasari, Arlina. “Humanitarian Law Principle On The Use Of Drones In International Armed Conflict.” Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 18, no. 3 (2018): 310–18.
Perwira, Daniel, Daniel Perwira, Alex Arifianto, Alex Arifianto, Asep Suryahadi, Asep Suryahadi, Sudarno Sumarto, and Sudarno Sumarto. “Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Melalui Sistem Jaminan Sosial: Pengalaman Indonesia.” SMERU Research Institute. SMERU Research Institute, 2003.
Prisac, Alexandru. “General Alternative and Contractual Jurisdiction in Moldova and Romania Based on the Alternative Procedural Right of Parties.” Access to Justice in Eastern Europe 6, no. 3 (July 31, 2023): 167–78. https://doi.org/10.33327/AJEE-18-6.3-a000316.
Ramadhan, Fajar, Agus Mulya Karsona, and Holyness N Singadimeja. “Legal Certainty of the Right to Severance Pay for Workers Who Retire in Companies That Undergo Acquisitions.” Administrative and Environmental Law Review 4, no. 2 (October 23, 2023): 151–64. https://doi.org/10.25041/aelr.v4i2.3134.
Salah, Abderrahim Ben. Africa Economic Outlook 2018. Libya: African Development Bank Group, 2017.
Schiff, David N. “Socio‐Legal Theory: Social Structure And Law.” The Modern Law Review 39, no. 3 (May 18, 1976): 287–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.1976.tb01458.x.
Stamelos, Charalampos (Harry). Universal Solutions to Global Problems: A Holistic Analysis of Law, Connecting Theory and Practice, 2023.
Stewart, Frances. “Employment in Conflict and Post-Conflict Situation,” 2015.
Sullivan, Becky. “Israel’s War with Hamas Disrupts Palestinian Workers and Israeli Employers Alike.” npr, 2023.
https://www.npr.org/2023/11/04/1210588361/israel-palestinian-workers-construction-economy.
Suparto, Suparto. “Job Loss Insurance Program Applicable In Indonesia Based On Government Regulation And Its Comparison With Other Countries.” Awang Long Law Review 5, no. 2 (May 31, 2023): 604–9.
https://doi.org/10.56301/awl.v5i2.768.
The OECD Tax-Benefits Database. “Description of Policy Rules for Israel 2021.” The OECD, 2021. https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/policy-issues/social-policy.html.
UNHR. The Corporate Responsibility to Respect Human Right. Geneva: United Nation, 2012.
United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. “Social Protection, Labour and Work.” In The Employment Imperative, 1–144. United Nation, 2007.
Venediktov, Sergii. “The Impact of the Armed Conflict on Labour Law: The Case of Ukraine.” Access to Justice in Eastern Europe 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2023): 278–91. https://doi.org/10.33327/AJEE-18-6.4-n000478.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24815/kanun.v26i2.38467
Article Metrics
Abstract view : 279 timesPDF - 83 times
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
