Cultural Aspects in Sustainable Development: The Dayak Tribe in East Kalimantan

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Introduction
After the agreement on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at the United Nations forum in 2015, it became a reference for implementing sustainable development (Georgeson & Maslin, 2018).Indonesia is one of the countries that agreed to the SDGs, along with other nations in the United Nations (UN) organization, making efforts to align their national development visions with the 2030 development plan according to the SDGs.This momentum serves as a way to strengthen the country's growth and development amidst its diverse population.As a nation with diverse indigenous tribes, Indonesia must achieve the SDGs by uniting the various cultures within its society (Hannan, 2018).
Politics, economics, and ecology are cultural phenomena, and culture is a key factor in achieving a sustainable society (Priatmoko et al., 2021).This underscores the importance of incorporating cultural perspectives into all cultural public policies, which will serve as a guarantee for every sustainable development process.The importance of cultural sustainability, with its influential power over people, places a significant burden on the decisions made within societal contexts (Soini, Birkeland, 2014).
Cultural expressions, services, goods, and heritage sites can contribute to inclusive and sustainable economic development.Cultural and creative aspects have the potential for sustainability and fairness.Cultural aspects can be integrated into tourism strategies while ensuring that this does not imply the decontextualization of cultural identity, activities, assets, and relevant benefits reinvested in cultural activities (Nugraheni et al., 2020).
The term "culture" in the context of sustainability describes the social production of meaning or shared understanding.In this sense, politics, economics, and ecology are cultural phenomena, and culture is a key factor in achieving a sustainable society.This highlights the importance of including cultural perspectives in all public policies.Culture influences attitudes, beliefs, expectations, values, identity, and practices, underpinning every human thought, behavior, and action present in one's life at all times.On the other hand, culture builds deep relationships between individuals and societal values (Briška & Siliņa-Jasjukeviča, 2020).
There exists a stereotype portraying the indigenous Dayak community as backward and primitive due to their efforts to preserve nature.However, in reality, there is a conflict between the community's culture, based on environmental balance, and the government's exploitative policies towards natural resources.

Method
To identify and develop theoretical findings on the cultural aspects of sustainable development in the Dayak community, a Qualitative Descriptive method was employed.Qualitative research is used to describe and analyze phenomena, events, social activities, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and individuals or groups.
Literature review is a series of activities in collecting literature data, reading, notetaking, and managing data relevant to the research object.The literature review was conducted by searching for literary sources containing studies on the cultural and customary aspects of the Dayak community related to their dwellings.These literary sources were obtained from journals, research reports, and books related to the Dayak community.In this research, the presence of cultural aspects will affect other aspects such as ecological, social, and economic aspects, as depicted in the following diagram:

Research Location
The research location is in the Village of Gemuhan Asa, commonly referred to as Bohoq Village.Gemuhan Asa is one of the villages in the Barong Tongkok sub-district, Kutai Barat Regency, East Kalimantan Province.Gemuhan Asa is inhabited by the Dayak Tunjung tribe.

Cultural Aspects of the Dayak Tribe
The research is located in the village of Gemuhan Asa, commonly referred to as Bohoq Village.Gemuhan Asa is one of the villages in the Barong Tongkok sub-district, Kutai Barat Regency, East Kalimantan Province.Gemuhan Asa is inhabited by the Dayak Tunjung tribe.In the life of the Dayak community, culture and customs are integral, and the existence of culture is not without reason but for the continuity of future generations.Therefore, the cultural aspects of the Dayak tribe associated with three aspects of life will be elaborated.

Dayak Culture with Ecology
For the Dayak community, preserving the land is crucial to saving nature, protecting the earth, water, and cultural identity.It is synonymous with safeguarding the ancestral heritage left by their ancestors, who have lived for generations based on local cultural wisdom.The Dayak customary law community has profound knowledge of life.In reality, there is a conflict between the culture of the Dayak customary law community, which relies on ecological balance, and the government's exploitative policies toward natural resources.There exists a stereotype about the culture of the Dayak customary law community as backward and primitive.Here are some Dayak cultural practices in their efforts to preserve their environment.a. Preserving Customary Land Dayak customary land, often referred to as Ancestral Land by the Dayak community, is considered land that is seen as a forest or the dwelling place of ancestors.The existence of customary land begins with the presence of a Lamin house owned by the customary elder.Customary land can also be a forest where the land cannot be used or exploited for activities outside customary interests.In the applicable customary law, there are legal rules regarding land use, closely related to the utilization of customary land by the community, aiming to avoid disputes.The Tunjung Dayak tribe believes in the religious value associated with the surrounding environment, with the belief that humans must respect, protect, and preserve the environment.Ignoring this belief may result in warnings and punishments from nature, such as disasters or calamities.This is why the Dayak tribe is prohibited from logging and burning forests.The belief in the relationship between the Dayak community and the Forest, Land, and Water aims to maintain the ecological balance that the Dayak tribe has with the land and forest.However, when preparing to log the forest for agricultural needs or building materials, there are conditions that must be met before felling a tree.This involves driving a nail into the tree and reciting certain conditions.If the nail is still in place the next day, it means the tree can be felled.However, if the nail falls, the tree cannot be felled due to specific reasons.The Dayak community believes that trees also have inhabitants and spirits within them, deserving of respect.Behuma, or slash-and-burn cultivation, is still practiced by almost all Dayak tribes in Kalimantan as the main livelihood to meet the needs for rice and other consumables.The activity starts by clearing the land for cultivation, including cutting bushes and small trees, guided by natural signs.Just like the conditions before felling a tree, there are rituals and customary practices associated with starting the activity.The Dayak tribe has its phases in the land clearing process, such as the Cutting phase, where large trees are felled after meeting specific conditions, then drying the felled trees and cleaning the area before establishing field boundaries.Moreover, there are also signs related to the conditions of water and soil.Signs can manifest as changes in form, color, flow, and depth of rivers.These signs regarding water and soil conditions are considered as a form of information, communication, and knowledge about commencing activities such as hunting seasons, planting, and harvesting.Alternatively, they can serve as indicators of favorable or unfavorable locations for cultivation or hunting.

Dayak Culture with Social a. Beliefs and Social
The Dayak culture is intertwined with their everyday socio-economic life and values.In the past, the Dayak tribe practiced animism, a belief in ancestral spirits (Maulidyna et al., 2021).An essential element in Dayak society is the forest, symbolized by the enggang bird, representing the "higher" world.Anything "above" or "higher" in Dayak society is deemed significant.The second important symbol is the dragon, representing power or strength based on mythology in Dayak and Chinese culture.The dragon's power presents the social organization of Dayak society and its location in the "below" world as a potential "lower" influence than the position of the forest or the enggang bird in the social and economic life of the Dayak community. b

. Life Perspectives and Communication
The Dayak people believe that individuals still living in this world must mutually respect, preserve, and maintain good relations with both the living and the deceased.The forms of mutual respect and relationship maintenance are expressed through various rituals and customary ceremonies, performed as routine or daily activities by individuals or groups, to maintain good relationships and balance in Dayak society with the Almighty, Nature, and all existence.Moreover, the activities and rituals themselves depict a form of communication with the Almighty, which is usually carried out by individuals with special expertise, such as the Beliant ritual.
Beliant is one of the customary ceremonies frequently performed by the Tunjung Dayak community.Beliant is a healing procession that emphasizes traditional elements.The Beliant ceremony is not just a healing ritual; it also contains a social bond that acts as a cohesive value for togetherness among the Dayak community.During the ceremony, the performer mentions the names of the spirits that will be asked for assistance, along with the titles of offerings and concoctions to be presented.The implementation of the Beliant customary ceremony usually requires various equipment, including herbs and offerings, both inside and outside the house (land), musical instruments for the ceremony, and animals for sacrifice.Therefore, many people from the community usually come to help ensure the customary ceremony can be carried out promptly.

Dayak Culture with Economic
The economic system of the Dayak tribe is always linked to social and cultural values, where the close-knit community creates a more flexible economy.Additionally, the sustainability of nature and good ecological aspects result in fruitful and fertile natural yields.Hunting and farming activities conducted by the community also utilize environmentally friendly methods, minimizing harm to nature.a. Trade System and Livelihood Despite using money as a means of payment, in good social conditions, communities generally engage in more flexible transactions, utilizing a barter system for goods and services, as well as service exchanges and bartering goods (Anti & Adinugraha, 2023).Transactions exist due to the good social life of the community, and the environmentally friendly management enhances the trade system.Some communities engage in animal husbandry with chickens, dogs, and pigs, while others hunt for wild animals in the forest such as wild boars, deer, monkeys, porcupines, and deer.Fishing in rivers and lakes is also a common practice.Additionally, one of the primary activities for fulfilling the needs of the Dayak community is farming, an activity inseparable from their customs and identity, reflecting their wisdom in managing and preserving land, forests, and water.Crop cultivation includes planting rubber and various fruits.From the perspective of the Dayak community, gardening is a continuation of field management, serving not only to meet their daily fruit and garden produce needs but also for selling products such as rubber and tengkawang.Gardening is one of the local wisdom practices of the Dayak community in preserving forest and biodiversity.In addition to cultivating various herbal plants, the community is familiar with plants and vegetation, both cultivated and naturally occurring in the wilderness around their homes, which can be utilized for medicinal purposes.Plants like Karake (betel), paya' jalu (grasses), jackfruit leaves, chili leaves, labatn tonsan leaves, turmeric fruit, and red liver leaves can be found around homes and yards.Some plants are exclusive to the surrounding forests, such as Dongo, the bark of the sarikan tree (langsat tree bark), ilalang roots, and maringkabo.

Cultural Aspects of the SDGs
The four pillars of sustainable development-society, the environment, and the economy-are interconnected, inseparable, and represent a future paradigm balancing environmental, social, and economic considerations to improve quality of life.In several Southeast Asian countries, cultural dimensions are often unseen, although they are present.Culture acts as a driver for sustainable development, influencing how culture maintains ecological sustainability through environmentally friendly lifestyles and nature conservation.Additionally, culture plays a role in social interaction and communication, as well as influencing the economy to remain stable and sustainable without harming the environment.Cultural aspects also impact ecology, where environmentally friendly practices need to be explored and developed in activities to raise awareness of climate change.Culture for Sustainable Growth is a strategy aimed at improving the quality of life for local communities through culture, utilizing local cultural heritage, including the connection between community development, sustainable cultural tourism, and social and economic innovation.The culture of the Dayak community is a practice passed down through generations in communal life.The Dayak people have their own ways of achieving common goals.One of the common national goals is the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Dayak people approach it differently than urban areas.
From the previous aspects, it is evident that the Dayak community has undertaken activities supporting the achievement of SDGs in Indonesia.Taught by their ancestors to maintain ecological balance, they have implemented clean water and sanitation, climate action, and land-based lifestyles.The Dayak community has well-maintained fields and the ability to cultivate the land, albeit not in large quantities, but sufficient to meet food needs, supporting zero hunger and good health and well-being.

Conclusion
Culture is a way of life that includes cultural practices, norms, and lifestyles that influence how people think and act.It provides a social order that binds communities and families and is crucial for social cohesion and sustainable living.Thus, culture is necessary not only for self-confidence, creativity, and happiness for individuals and communities but also for their survival.The importance of culture for well-being, environmentally friendly lifestyles, and traditional social safety nets should be recognized.Additionally, the world's natural and cultural diversity needs to be acknowledged, as all cultures and civilizations can contribute to sustainable development.The Dayak community, with its traditions passed down through generations, has demonstrated its support for achieving the SDGs.In ecological aspects, the Dayak community emphasizes the sustainability and quality of forests.Socially, the Dayak people have traditions to maintain harmonious relationships among communities.Economically, the Dayak community is self-sufficient with their field-based system.Culture is the foundation of success for these three aspects, as through culture, the Dayak community can collectively build their well-being.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Indigenous Land Protest Action Source: Tribun Kaltim b.Conditions for Logging and Burning ForestsThe Tunjung Dayak tribe believes in the religious value associated with the surrounding environment, with the belief that humans must respect, protect, and preserve the environment.Ignoring this belief may result in warnings and punishments from nature, such as disasters or calamities.This is why the Dayak tribe is prohibited from logging and burning forests.The belief in the relationship between the Dayak community and the Forest, Land, and Water aims to maintain the ecological balance that the Dayak tribe has with the land and forest.However, when preparing to log the forest for agricultural needs or building materials, there are conditions that must be met before felling a tree.This involves driving a nail into the tree and reciting certain conditions.If the nail is still in place the next day, it means the tree can be felled.However, if the nail falls, the tree cannot be felled due to specific reasons.The Dayak community believes that trees also have inhabitants and spirits within them, deserving of respect.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Endemic Kalimantan Hornbill Source: Google.comc. Behuma ActivityBehuma, or slash-and-burn cultivation, is still practiced by almost all Dayak tribes in Kalimantan as the main livelihood to meet the needs for rice and other consumables.The activity starts by clearing the land for cultivation, including cutting bushes and small trees, guided by natural signs.Just like the conditions before felling a tree, there are rituals and customary practices associated with starting the activity.The Dayak tribe has its phases in the land clearing process, such as the Cutting phase, where large trees are felled after meeting specific conditions, then drying the felled trees and cleaning the area before establishing field boundaries.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Behuma Activity Source: Dayak Cultural Advocacy Center.comThelocal community also pays close attention to signs of weather and environmental conditions, such as air temperature, humidity, and wind.Signs can include changes in temperature, wind direction, and speed, among others.These signs of weather and environmental conditions are believed to be a form of information, communication, and knowledge about initiating activities like planting seasons, harvesting, and other positive events.Moreover, there are also signs related to the conditions of water and soil.Signs can manifest as changes in form, color, flow, and depth of rivers.These signs regarding water and soil conditions are considered as a form of information, communication, and knowledge about commencing activities such as hunting seasons, planting, and harvesting.Alternatively, they can serve as indicators of favorable or unfavorable locations for cultivation or hunting.2.Dayak Culture with Social a. Beliefs and SocialThe Dayak culture is intertwined with their everyday socio-economic life and values.In the past, the Dayak tribe practiced animism, a belief in ancestral spirits(Maulidyna et al., 2021).An essential element in Dayak society is the forest, symbolized by the enggang bird, representing the "higher" world.Anything "above" or "higher" in Dayak society is deemed significant.The second important symbol is the dragon, representing power or strength based on mythology in Dayak and Chinese culture.The dragon's power presents the social organization of Dayak society and its location in the "below" world as a potential "lower" influence than the position of the forest or the enggang bird in the social and economic life of the Dayak community.b.Life Perspectives and CommunicationThe Dayak people believe that individuals still living in this world must mutually respect, preserve, and maintain good relations with both the living and the deceased.The forms of mutual respect and relationship maintenance are expressed through various rituals and customary ceremonies, performed as routine or daily activities by individuals or groups, to maintain good relationships and balance in Dayak society with the Almighty, Nature, and all existence.Moreover, the activities and rituals themselves depict a form of communication with the Almighty, which is usually carried out by individuals with special expertise, such as the Beliant ritual.Beliant is one of the customary ceremonies frequently performed by the Tunjung Dayak community.Beliant is a healing procession that emphasizes traditional elements.The Beliant ceremony is not just a healing ritual; it also contains a social bond that acts as a cohesive value for togetherness among the Dayak community.During the ceremony, the performer mentions the names of the spirits that will be asked for assistance, along with

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Traditional Plants in East Kalimantan Source: Dayak Cultural Advocacy Center.comFrom the perspective of the Dayak community, gardening is a continuation of field management, serving not only to meet their daily fruit and garden produce needs but also for selling products such as rubber and tengkawang.Gardening is one of the local wisdom practices of the Dayak community in preserving forest and biodiversity.In addition to cultivating various herbal plants, the community is familiar with plants and vegetation, both cultivated and naturally occurring in the wilderness around their homes, which can be utilized for medicinal purposes.Plants like Karake (betel), paya' jalu (grasses), jackfruit leaves, chili leaves, labatn tonsan leaves, turmeric fruit, and red liver leaves can be found around homes and yards.Some plants are exclusive to the surrounding forests, such as Dongo, the bark of the sarikan tree (langsat tree bark), ilalang roots, and maringkabo.
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