MEKANISME ENDOSITOSIS, DEGRADASI HEMOGLOBIN DAN DETOKSIFIKASI HEME PARASIT MALARIA
Abstract
Abstrak.Parasit malaria (Plasmodium Sp) adalah parasit golongan Protozoa yang hidup obligat intrasel. Parasit ini menimbulkan penyakit malaria pada manusia melalui perantara nyamuk betina Anopheles Sp. Pada siklus hidupnya, sejumlah besar merozoit yang bebas akan menginvasi sel eritrosit host. Proses invasi ini berlangsung melalui 4 tahap yaitu attachment atau perlekatan merozoit pada permukaan eritrosit, reorientasi dengan cara berputar untuk mencari tempat yang tepat dalam memasuki sel eritrosit, lalu mengarahkan rhoptry ke permukaan eritrosit, junction dan kemudian melakukan invaginasi untuk masuk ke dalam eritrosit, diakhiri dengan sealing atau menutup kembali eritrosit.Merozoit di dalam eritrosit hidup di lingkungan yang terpisah dari suplai nutrisi sirkulasi darah, sementara parasit memerlukan nutrisi untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangannya.Akhirnya parasit mengembangkan suatu mekanisme baru yaitu endositosis untuk mendapatkan nutrisi dari sitosol sel eritrosit host yang sebahagian besar adalah hemoglobin.Hemoglobin tersebut harus didegradasi terlebih dahulu menjadi heme dan globin agar dapat digunakan sebagai sumber asam amino bagi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan parasit. Proses degradasi hemoglobin ini menimbulkan konsekuensi yang merugikan bagi parasit karena akan membebaskan heme yang bersifat toksik, namun parasit mampu mengatasinya dengan mengembangkan beberapa cara mendetoksifikasi heme toksik menjadi pigmen hemozoin yang bersifat non toksik bagi parasit.
Kata kunci : Hemoglobin, degradasi hemoglobin, detoksifikasi heme.
Abstract. Malaria parasite (Plasmodium Sp) is an obligate intracellular parasit. This parasite causes malaria in humans through vector Anopheles Sp. In its life cycle, large amounts of free merozoites will invade host erythrocytes. This invasion process takes place through 4 stages, attachmentof merozoites on the surface of erythrocytes, reorientation by rotating to find the right place in entering erythrocyte cells, then directing rhoptry to surface of erythrocytes, junction and then invaginating to enter into erythrocytes, ending with sealing or closing back the erythrocytes. Merozoites in erythrocytes live in an environment separate from the supply of blood circulating nutrients, while parasites require nutrients for their growth and development. Finally the parasite develops a new mechanism called endocytosis to obtain nutrients from host erythrocytes cytosolwhich is largely are hemoglobin. The hemoglobin must first be degraded into heme and globin to be used as a source of amino acids for growth and development of parasites. This hemoglobin degradation process has an adverse consequence for the parasite because it will liberate the toxic heme, but the parasite is able to overcome it by developing some way to detoxify the toxic heme into a non-toxic crystal hemozoin.
Keywords : Hemoglobin, hemoglobin degradation, heme detocxification
Keywords
References
Daftar Pustka
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DOI: 10.24815/jks.v18i1.11214
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