1. Home
  2. Vol 22, No 3 (2022)
  3. Melanie

A brief summary of the characteristics and classification of dermatological manifestations in SARS-CoV-2 infection

Audrey Melanie, Gabriela Christy, Lorettha Wijaya

Abstract


COVID-19 has become a pandemic since its discovery in December 2019. Respiratory symptoms are the most prominent ones, but as we learn more we start to find reports of symptoms from other organ systems, like integumentary. The dermatological manifestation of COVID-19 is polymorphic and a proposal has been presented to categorize it into six distinct groups, namely (i) urticarial rash, (ii) confluent erythematous / maculopapular / morbilliform rash, (iii) papulovesicular exanthem, (iv) chilblain-like acral pattern, (v) livedo reticularis / racemosa-like pattern, and (vi) purpuric “vasculitic” pattern. Each group has their own set of characteristics, which includes: onset and duration of symptoms, accompanying symptoms, and treatment choices. Our study aims to look deeper at the aforementioned characteristics and discuss their practical implications in daily practice. We believe that the knowledge of the efflorescences might be useful as a basis for doing COVID-19 screening but more studies are needed to further understand it.


Keywords


COVID-19, dermatological manifestations, novel coronavirus

References


Worldometer. COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/. Accessed on 1 October 2021.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Symptoms of COVID-19. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html. Accessed on 1 October 2021.

Visconti A, Bataille V, Rossi N, Kluk J, Murphy R, Puig S, et al. Diagnostic Value of Cutaneous Manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. The British Journal of Dermatology. 2021;184(5):880-887. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.20150656v2

Marzano AV, Cassano N, Genovese G, Moltrasio C, Vena GA. Cutaneous manifestations in patients with COVID-19: a preliminary review of an emerging issue. Br J Dermatol. 2020 Sep;183((3)):431–42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32479680/

Conforti C, Dianzani C, Agozzino M, Giuffrida R, Marangi GF, diMeo N, et al. Cutaneous Manifestations in Confirmed COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review. MDPI Biology. 5 December 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33291502/

Genovese G, Moltrasio C, Berti E, Marzano AV. Skin Manifestations Associated with COVID-19: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Dermatology 2021;237:1–12. November 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33232965/

Singh H, Kaur H, Singh K, Sen CK. Cutaneous Manifestations of COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Wound Healing Society. September 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33035150/

Galván Casas C, Català A, Hernández GC, Rodriguez-Jimenez P, Fernandez-Nieto D, Lario ARV, et al. Classification of the Cutaneous Manifestations of COVID-19: A Rapid Prospective Nationwide Consensus Study in Spain With 375 Cases. The British Journal of Dermatology. 2020;183(1):71-77. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32348545/

Novak N, Peng W, Naegeli MC, Galvan C, Kolm-Djamei I, Bruggen C, et al. SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, skin and immunology—what do we know so far? Allergy. 2021;76:698-713. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/all.14498

Gunawan C, Angela A, Widysanto A. Urticarial eruption in coronavirus disease 2019 infection: a case report in Tangerang, Indonesia. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020 June 4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32386435/

Serafini A, Kurotschka PK, Bertolani M, Riccomi S. An Itchy Erythematous Papular Skin Rash as a Possible Early Sign of COVID-19: A Case Report. J Med Case Reports. 2020;14(216). https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13256-020-02538-y

Recalcati S, Piconi S, Franzetti M, Barbagallo T, Prestinari F and Fantini F. Colchicin treatment of COVID‐19 presenting with cutaneous rash and myopericarditis. Dermatol Ther. 2020 June 25. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7361225/

Marzano AV, Genovese G, Fabbrocini G, Pigatto P, Monfrecola G, Piraccini BM, et al. Varicella-like exanthem as a specific COVID-19–associated skin manifestation: Multicenter case series of 22 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 July; 83(1): 280–285. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32305439/

Bassi A, Russo T, Argenziano G, Mazzatenta C, Venturini E, Neri I, et al. Chilblain-Like Lesions during COVID-19 Pandemic: The State of the Art. Life 2021, 11(1), 23; 2 January 2021. https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/1/23

McCleskey, PE, Zimmerman B, Lieberman A, Liu L, Chen C, Gorouhi F, et al. Epidemiologic Analysis of Chilblains Cohorts Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Dermatol. 2021 June. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34160569/

Discepolo V, Catzola A, Pierri L, Mascolo M, Casa FD, Vastarella M, et al. Bilateral Chilblain-like Lesions of the Toes Characterized by Microvascular Remodelling in Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Network Open. 2021; 4(6):e2111369. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2780866

Le Cleach L, Dousset L, Assier H, Fourati S, Barbarot S, Boulard C, et al. Most Chilblains Observed During the COVID-19 Outbreak Occur in Patients Who Are Negative for COVID-19 on Polymerase Chain Reaction and Serology Testing. The British Journal of Dermatology. 2020;183(5):866-874. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32628270/

Colmenero I, Santonja C, Alonso-Riaño M, Noguera-Morel L, Hernandez-Martin A, Andina D, et al. SARS-CoV-2 endothelial infection causes COVID-19 chilblains: histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of seven paediatric case. British Journal of Dermatology. 2020 Oct,183(4):729-737. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32562567/

Manalo IF, Smith MK, Cheeley J, Jacobs R. A Dermatologic Manifestation of COVID-19: Transient Livedo Reticularis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 August. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32283229/

Khalil S, Hinds BR, Manalo IF, Vergas IM, Mallela S, and Jacobs R. Livedo reticularis as a presenting sign of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. JAAD Case Rep. 2020 Sep; 6(9): 871–874. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7366974/

Suso AS, Mon C, Alonso IO, Torner NS, Riano MA, Martin AP, et al. IgA Vasculitis with Nephritis (Henoch-Schönlein purpura) in a COVID-19 patient. Kidney International Reports. 2020 August. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32839743/

Al Ghoozi DA, Al Khayyat HM. A child with Henoch-Schonlein purpura secondary to a COVID-19 infection. Case Reports BMJ. 2021 January 6. https://casereports.bmj.com/content/14/1/e239910

Alpalhão M, Gaibino N, Filipe P. Seborrheic dermatitis in COVID‐19: a case report. Case Reports Int J Dermatol. 2020 December. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33095515/


Full Text: PDF

DOI: 10.24815/jks.v22i3.23139

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.