Cochlear implant
Abstract
Abstrak. Cochlear implant (Cl) merupakan alat elektronik yang sebagiannya ditanam melalui prosedur pembedahan dan sebagian lagi berada di luar tubuh, memiliki fungsi memperbaiki proses rnendengar dan komunikasi baik pada dewasa maupun anak-anak dengan ketulian sensorineural berat (severe) hingga sangat berat (profound). Mula-mula gelombang suara ditangkap oleh telinga Iuar kemudian dikonversi menjadi vibrasi mekanik oleh rantai tulang pendengaran. Dalam telinga bagian dalam, koklea yang berisi cairan berpcran dalam mcngubah vibrasi mekanik menjadi vibrasi dalam medium cair. Variasi tekanan dalam cairan kok.lea memicu terjadinya perubahan posisi dari membran fleksibel yang disebut membran basilaris. Sel-sel rambut melekat erat pada membran basilar membengk.ok sesuai dengan perubahan posisi dari rnernbran basilar dan memicu pelepasao bahan elektrokimiawi yang selanjutnya terjadi potensial listrik pada sisi terscbut. Sel-sel saraf yang tereksitasi mengadakan komunikasi dengan sistem saraf pusat dan mengirim informasi sinyal akustik tersebut menuju otak. CI merupakan alat elektronik yang mengambil alih fungsi sel-sel rambut koklea yang mengalarni kerusakan ataupun tidak terbentuk dengan cara memberikan stimulasi langsung pada serabut-serabut saraf yang ada. Kandidat adalah pasien yang padanya akan dilakukan pemasangan Cl. Sebelum memilih kandidat perlu dilakukan evaluasi pendahuluan berupa evaluasi medis, audiologis, psiko!ogis, kognitif, dan sosiologik serta ada tidalcnya kontra indikasi. Terdapat beberapa kontra indikasi pemasangan Cl antara lain agenesis koklea, kerusakan nervus koklearis, otitis media, penyakit sistcm saraf sentral, maupun kondisi medis yang tidak
memungkinkan dilakukannya tindakan operasi. Komplikasi pernasangan CI dapat berkaitan dengan irisan kulit
dan skin flap, tindakan mastoidektomi dan kokleostomi, dan yang berkaitan dcngan alat. Rehabilitasi pasca pemasangan membutuhkan suatu tim ahli audiologi dan terapi wicara yang berpengalarnan, (JKS 2008; 3:157-
165)
Kata kunci: cochlear implant, koklea, kandidat
Abstract. Cochlear implaru (CI) is an electronic device with two components, one component is installed inside the body by a surgery (internal component) and the other component is installed outside the body (external), which has function to correct the hearing and communication process either in adults as well as childrenwith severe or profound sensorineural deafness. The normal hearing process starts when accoustic wave is caught by the external ear and converted into mechanic vibration by hearing bones. Inside the internal ear, the fluid- containing cochlea convert the mechanic vibration into a vibration in a liquid medium. Variation of pressure Inside the cochlear fluid triggers the change in the position of the flexible basal membrane. The hairy cells which are tightly-attached to the basal membrane tum according to the change of basal membrane's position, and it triggers the releasing of chemical materials that trigger the electric potentials on that side. Excitated neural cells will transfer the potentials to the brain. CI works to substitute damaged or agenetic cochlear hairy cells by directly stimulating the existing nerves. Candidate is a patient that CI will be installed in. The selection of candidate must prior to evaluation including medical, audiologic, psychologic, cognitive, and sociologic evaluation, and also determination of contra-indication. There are several contra-indications, such as cochlear agenesis, cochlear nerve damage, medial otitis, central nerve disease, etc. Complications are related to skin incision or skin flap, mastoidectoniy and cochleostorny, and instrument-related complications. Rehabilitation after installation requires a team consists of experienced audiology experts and speech therapy experts. (JKS
2008; 3:156-165)
Keywords: cochlear implant, cochlea, candidate
Keywords
References
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