Optical pH sensor based on polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) pectin-chitosan/methanol anthocyanin extract of Catharanthus roseus for a new optical urea biosensor development
Abstract
Construction of optical pH sensor as a new platform optical urea biosensor based on polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) pectin-chitosan membrane and total phenolic (anthocyanin) of Tapak Dara flower (Catharanthus roseus) has been successfully carried out. The anthocyanin was extracted by a maceration method for 72 hours using methanol, and a total extract yield was 21.56% or 1.803 mg/L. Flavonoid and phenol tests showed positive results indicated by the formation of red and black colours. The anthocyanins showed maximum absorption at 578 nm for phosphate buffer and 575 nm for tris HCl buffer solution. The sensor fabrication was performed using a mixture of pectin and chitosan solutions with a ratio of 3:7. The anthocyanin was mixed into the solution with various concentrations. The sensor has an optimum sensitivity at the anthocyanin concentration of 0.05 mg/L (phosphate buffer) in the pH range of 7.0-9.5 and 0.025 mg/L (Tris HCl buffer) with a narrower pH range of 6.0-7.5. This sensor produced higher sensitivity, a wider linear range, and good linearity when it was exposed in 0.03M PBS. Reproducibility test with a relative standard deviation percentage (% RSD) was 9.20. The sensor showed a stable response after 5 minutes exposed to PBS solution, and it can be used to measure pH within the 20th day. The optimized optical pH sensor has been successfully developed as a urea optical biosensor by immobilizing urease on its surface. The biosensor showed a linear response in a series of 10-1-10-10 M urea concentrations and has good linearity.
Keywords
References
Esmaeili C, Heng L Y and Ling T L 2015 Nile Blue chromoionophore-doped kappa-carrageenan for a novel reflectometric urea biosensor. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 221 969–977 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.07.037.
Kuswandi B, Irmawati T, Hidayat M, Jayus and Ahmad M 2014 A Simple Visual Ethanol Biosensor Based on Alcohol Oxidase Immobilized onto Polyaniline Film for Halal Verification of Fermented Beverage Samples. Sensors. 14 2135–2149 https://doi.org/10.3390/s140202135.
Wu H, Wang J, Kang X, Wang C, Wang D, Liu J, Aksay I , and Lin Y 2009 Glucose biosensor based on immobilization of glucose oxidase in platinum nanoparticles/graphene/chitosan nanocomposite film. Talanta. 80 403–406 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2009.06.054.
Ariffin E Y, Mansor N N N, Safitri E and Heng L Y 2019 A Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor from Horseradish peroxidase Immobilization onto Acrylic Microspheres. Sains Malaysiana. 48 1409–1416
Chen W H, Dillon W D N, Armstrong E A, Moratti S C and McGraw C M 2021 Self-referencing optical fiber pH sensor for marine microenvironment. Talanta. 225 121969 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121969.
Gong J, Tanner M G, Venkateswaran S, Stone J M, Zhang Y and Bradley M 2020 A hydrogel-based optical fibre fluorescent pH sensor for observing lung tumor tissue acidity, Anal. Chim. Acta. 1134 136–143 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.063.
Tariq A, Baydoun J, Remy C, Ghasemi R, Lefevre J P, Mongin C, Dauzères A and Leray I 2021 Fluorescent molecular probe based optical fiber sensor dedicated to pH measurement of concrete. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 327 128906 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.128906.
Jiang C, Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhu X, Nie J and Ma G 2014 Crosslinked polyelectrolyte complex fiber membrane based on chitosan–sodium alginate by freeze-drying. RSC Adv. 4 41551–41560
Alves V D, Castelló R, Ferreira A R, Costa N, Fonseca I M and Coelhoso I M 2011 Barrier properties of carrageenan/pectin biodegradable composite film. Procedia Food Sci. 1 240–245 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profoo.2011.09.038.
Ferreira A R V, Alves V D and Coelhoso I M 2016 Polysaccharide-based membranes in food packaging applications. Membranes (Basel). 6 22
Safitri E, Humaira H, M. Murniana M, Nazaruddin N, Iqhrammullah M, Sani N D Md, Esmaeili C, Susilawati S, Mahathir M and Latansa Nazaruddin 2021 Optical pH Sensor Based on Immobilization Anthocyanin from Dioscorea alata L. onto Polyelectrolyte Complex Pectin–Chitosan Membrane for a Determination Method of Salivary pH. Polymers (Basel). 13 1276 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13081276.
Nazaruddin N, Afifah N, Bahi M, Susilawati S, Sani N D M, Esmaeili C, Iqhrammullah M, Murniana M, Hasanah U and Safitri E 2021 A simple optical pH sensor based on pectin and Ruellia tuberosa L-derived anthocyanin for fish freshness monitoring. F1000Research. 10 422 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.52836.2.
Rajan V K, T.K. S A, C.K H and Muraleedharan K 2018 A non toxic natural food colorant and antioxidant ‘Peonidin’ as a pH indicator: A TDDFT analysis. Comput. Biol. Chem. 76 202–209
Rajan V K, Hasna C K and Muraleedharan K 2018 The natural food colorant Peonidin from cranberries as a potential radical scavenger – A DFT based mechanistic analysis. Food Chem. 262 184–190 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.074.
Hasanah U, Sani N D M, Heng L Y, Idroes R and Safitri 2019 Construction of a Hydrogel Pectin-Based Triglyceride Optical Biosensor with Immobilized Lipase Enzymes. Biosensors. 9 135 https://doi.org/10.3390/bios9040135.
Hasanah U, Setyowati M, Efendi R, Muslem M, Sani N D Md, Safitri E, Yook Heng L and Idroes R 2019 Preparation and Characterization of a Pectin Membrane-Based Optical pH Sensor for Fish Freshness Monitoring, Biosensors. 9 60 https://doi.org/10.3390/bios9020060.
Chen H, Zhang M, Bhandari B and Yang C 2020 Novel pH-sensitive films containing curcumin and anthocyanins to monitor fish freshness. Food Hydrocoll. 100 105438 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105438.
Hao L, Ding J, Yuan N, Xu J, Zhou X, Dai S and Chen B 2018 Visual and flexible temperature sensor based on a pectin-xanthan gum blend film. Org. Electron. 59 243–246 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2018.05.019
Gabriele F, Donnadio A, Casciola M, Germani R and Spreti N 2021 Ionic and covalent crosslinking in chitosan-succinic acid membranes: Effect on physicochemical properties. Carbohydr. Polym. 251 117106 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117106.
Al-Kharkhi A, Phuah E T, Nadiah W A W, Rosma A, Wong W W, Easa A M and Liong M T 2008 Biosorbent ingredients from durian rind waste, in: Proc. Int. Conf. Environ. Res. Technol., Universiti Sains Malaysia
Maciel V B V, Yoshida C M P and Franco T T 2015 Chitosan/pectin polyelectrolyte complex as a pH indicator. Carbohydr. Polym. 132 537–545 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.047.
Chang H, Kao M -J, Chen t -L, Chen H -C, Cho K –C and Lai X-R 2013 Characterization of Natural Dye Extracted from Wormwood and Purple Cabbage for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Int. J. Photoenergy. 2013 1–8 https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/159502.
Boo H -O, Hwang S -J, Bae C -S, Park S -H, Heo B –G and Gorinstein S 2012 Extraction and characterization of some natural plant pigments. Ind. Crops Prod. 40 129–135 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.02.042.
Le X T, Huynh M T, Pham T N, Than V T, Toan T Q, Bach L G and Trung N Q 2019 Optimization of Total Anthocyanin Content, Stability and Antioxidant Evaluation of the Anthocyanin Extract from Vietnamese Carissa Carandas L. Fruits. Processes. 7 468 https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7070468.
Safitri E, Humaira H, Nazaruddin N, Susilawati S, Murniana and Sani N D Md 2021 Dioscorea alata L anthocyanin extract methanol as a sensitive pH active compound. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1869 012058 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1869/1/012058.
Safitri E, Afifah N, Khairi, Lelifajri, Nazaruddin, Susilawati and Sani N D 2019 Ruellia tuberosa L Anthocyanin extract as a pH sensitive substance, IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 364 012015 https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/364/1/012015.
DOI: 10.24815/jn.v21i3.22851
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Universitas Syiah Kuala (recognizedly abbreviated as