Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Essential Oil as a Bioreductor
Abstract
The development of environmentally friendly methods for nanoparticle synthesis has gained increasing attention. Black pepper essential oil contains secondary metabolites that act as both reducing and stabilizing agents, making it a promising green alternative in silver nanoparticle (AgNP) synthesis. This study aims to investigate the effect of pH and synthesis time on the yield and characteristics of AgNPs synthesized using black pepper essential oil via the sonochemical method. AgNP synthesis was carried out using the sonochemical method by adding black pepper essential oil to a silver nitrate solution. AgNPs were synthesized at pH levels of 8, 9, and 10 with reaction times of 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The obtained AgNPs were analyzed for yield, UV-Vis absorbance, and particle size distribution. The results demonstrated that yield increased with higher pH and longer synthesis time, reaching a maximum of 58.12% at pH 10 and 90 minutes. UV-Vis analysis confirmed the presence of AgNPs with absorption peaks between 400–500 nm. The particle size ranged from 9.66 to 348 nm, indicating size variability influenced by synthesis conditions. These findings highlight the potential of black pepper essential oil as a green and sustainable approach for AgNP synthesis, offering eco-friendly benefits for various applications.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Ahmed, I., Mir, F. A., Banday, J. A. (2023) ‘Synthesis Of Metal And Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts—Characterization And Applications’, Bionanoscience, 13(4), 1541–1557. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S12668-023-01194-Y
Alauhdin, M., Dzulfiqar, A., Olfa Herlistyawan, A. (2022) ‘Sintesis Cepat Nanopartikel Perak Dengan Irradiasi Gelombang Mikro Dan Aplikasinya Sebagai Antibakteri Pada Kain Katun’, Jurnal Riset Kimia, 13(2), 226–235. Https://Doi.Org/10.25077/Jrk.V13i2.555
Alqadi, M. K., Noqtah, O. A., Alzoubi, F. Y., Alzouby, J., Aljarrah, K. (2014) ‘Ph Effect On The Aggregation Of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized By Chemical Reduction’, Materials Science- Poland, 32(1), 107–111. DOI: 10.2478/s13536-013-0166-9
Ayu, Hariyadi, H., Suyatma, P., Edhi, N. (2015) ‘Kinetika Sintesis Nanopartikel Perak Dari Larutan Agno3 Dengan Menggunakan Ekstrak Bungkil Biji Jarak Pagar (Jatropha Curcas L.) Sebagai Reduktor’, Ipb, 01–48. https://Repository.Ipb.Ac.Id/Handle/123456789/78333
Bere, M.L., Sibarani, J., Manurung, M. (2019) ‘Sintesis Nanopartikel Perak (Npag) Menggunakan Ekstrak Air Daun Kemangi (Ocimum Sanctum Linn.) Dan Aplikasinya Dalam Fotodegradasi Zat Warna Metilen Biru’, Cakra Kimia (Indonesian E-Journal Of Applied Chemistry), 7(2), 155–164. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/cakra/article/view/56192/1000.
Cheng, G., Dai, M., Ahmed, S., Hao, H., Wang, Z., Yuan, Z. (2016) ‘Antimicrobial Drugs In Fighting Against Antimicrobial Resistance’, Frontiers In Microbiology, 7, 1–11. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00470
Chugh, D., Viswamalya, V.S. Das, B. (2021) ‘Green Synthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles With Algae And The Importance Of Capping Agents In The Process’, Journal Of Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology, 19(1), 126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43141-021-00228-w
Darroudi, M., Zak, A. K., Muhamad, M. R., Huang, N. M., Hakimi, M. (2012) ‘Green Synthesis Of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles By Sonochemical Method’, Materials Letters, 66(1), 117–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2011.08.016
Fabiani, V. A., Sutanti, F., Silvia, D., Putri, M. A. (2018) ‘Green Synthesis Nanopartikel Perak Menggunakan Ekstrak Daun Pucuk Idat (Cratoxylum Glaucum) Sebagai Bioreduktor’, Indonesian Journal Of Pure And Applied Chemistry, 1(2), 68. https://doi.org/10.26418/indonesian.v1i2.30533
Garg, S. (2012) ‘Rapid Biogenic Synthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles Using Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum) Corn Extract’, International Journal of Innovations in Biological and Chemical Sciences, 3(5), 5 – 10.
Gedanken A. Sonochemistry and its application to nanochemistry. Curr. Sci. 2003;85:1720–1722.
Hidayah, A. N., Herbani, Y., Triyono, D., Saleh, R. (2022). Effect of Yield Silver Nanoparticles in Enhancing Raman Signal of SERS Substrate Fabricated on Whatman Filter Paper. Journal of Physics and Its Applications, 4(2), 47–50. https://doi.org/10.14710/jpa.v4i2.13226
Jiang, J., Oberdörster, G., Biswas, P. (2009) ‘Characterization Of Size, Surface Charge, And Agglomeration State Of Nanoparticle Dispersions For Toxicological Studies’, Journal Of Nanoparticle Research, 11(1), 77–89. DOI: 10.1007/s11051-008-9446-4
Kanchi, S., Ahmed, S. (2018) ‘Green Metal Nanoparticles : Synthesis, Characterization And Their Applications, Green Metal Nanoparticles’. Edited By S. Kanchi And S. Ahmed. Hoboken: Wiley. https://Doi.Org/10.1002/9781119418900
Kithokoi, K. J., Lawrence, O., Maingi, J., Swaleh, S. M., Njue, W. (2019) ‘Green Sonochemical Synthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles Using Bridelia Micrantha Extract And Evaluation Of Their Antibacterial Activity’, African Journal Of Pure And Applied Chemistry, 13(3), 34–42. DOI: 10.5897/AJPAC2018.0776
Kutsevol, N., Chumachenko, V., Shkodich, V., Temnikova, N., Rawiso, M., & Solntsev, V. (2016). Green route synthesis of nanosilver into polyelectrolyte solutions at high pH value. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, 640(1), 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2016.1255519
Marslin, G. Siram, K., Maqbool, Q., Selvakesavan, R. K., Kruzka, D., Kachlicki, P., Franklin, G. (2018) ‘Secondary Metabolites In The Green Synthesis Of Metallic Nanoparticles’, Materials, 11(6), 1–25. DOI: 10.3390/ma11060940
Mazraedoost, S. And Behbudi, G. (2021) ‘Basic Nano Magnetic Particles And Essential Oils: Biological Applications’, Journal Of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2021, 9(3), 609–620. DOI: 10.47277/JETT/9(3)620
Me, R. Istamam, M. H., Pungot, N. H., Ibrahim, N., Shanthi, A. (2022) ‘Biomimetic Synthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles Using Eleusine Indica Extract And Its Antibacterial Properties’, Malaysian Journal Of Analytical Sciences, 26(1), 29–38. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S13204-022-02570-Y
Mittal, J., Singh, A., Batra, A., Sharma, M. M. (2017) ‘Synthesis And Characterization Of Silver Nanoparticles And Their Antimicrobial Efficacy’, Particulate Science And Technology, 35(3), 338–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/02726351.2016.1158757
Modan, E. M., Plăiașu, A. G. (2020) ‘Advantages And Disadvantages Of Chemical Methods In The Elaboration Of Nanomaterials’, The Annals Of “Dunarea De Jos” University Of Galati. Fascicle Ix, Metallurgy And Materials Science, 43(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.35219/mms.2020.1.08
Oktavia, I.N., Sutoyo, S. (2021) ‘Review Artikel: Sintesis Nanopartikel Perak Menggunakan Bioreduktor Ekstrak Tumbuhan Sebagai Bahan Antioksidan’, Unesa Journal Of Chemistry, 10(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.26740/ujc.v10n1.p37-54
Panjaitan, R. Erliyanti, N. K., Putra, S. B., Wicaksono, A. P., Syahrani, A. N., Amanda, N. A. (2023) ‘Parameter Evaluation Of Extraction Using Microwave Hydrodistillation Ultrasonic-Pretreatment On Yield Of Black Pepper Oil’, Konversi, 12(1), 13-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/k.v12i1.14984
Pathania, D., Sharma, M., Sonu, Kumar, S., Thakur, P., Torino, E., Janas, D., Thakur S. (2021) ‘Essential Oil Derived Biosynthesis Of Metallic Nano-Particles: Implementations Above Essence’, Sustainable Materials And Technologies, 30, P. E00352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2021.e00352
R, I., Zakir, M., Budi, P. (2016) ‘Effect Of Agno 3 Concentration And Synthesis Temperature On Surface Plasmon Resonance (Spr) Of Silver Nanoparticles Pengaruh Konsentrasi Agno 3 Dan Suhu Sintesis Terhadap Surface Plasmon Resonance (Spr) Nanopartikel Perak’, J. Chem. Res, 4(1), 356–361. https://doi.org/10.30598/ijcr.2016.4-irw
Rahim, D.M., Herawati, N. And Hasri, H. (2021) ‘Sintesis Nanopartikel Perak Menggunakan Bioreduktor Ekstrak Daun Teh Hijau (Camellia Sinensis) Dengan Iradiasi Microwave.’, Chemica: Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia Dan Pendidikan Kimia, 21(1), 30-41. https://doi.org/10.35580/chemica.v21i1.14835
Rauwel, P. Kuunal, S., Ferdov, S., Rauwel E. (2015) ‘A Review On The Green Synthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles And Their Morphologies Studied Via Tem’, Advances In Materials Science And Engineering, 2015, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/682749
Riyanto, Mulwandari, M., Asysyafiiyah, L., Sirajuddin, M. I., Cahyandaru, N. (2022) ‘Direct Synthesis Of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus L.) Essential Oil-Silver Nanoparticles (Eo-AgNP) As Biopesticides And Application For Lichen Inhibition On Stones’, Heliyon, 8(6), P. E09701. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Heliyon.2022.E09701
Sharma, N. K., Vishwakarma, J., Rai, S., Alomar, T. S., Almasoud, N., Bhattarai, A. (2022) ‘Green Route Synthesis and Characterization Techniques of Silver Nanopraticles and Their Biological Adeptness’, ACS Omega, 7(31), 27004 – 27020. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c01400
Sofi, M. A., Sunitha, S., Sofi, M. A., Pasha, S. K. K., Choi, D. (2022) ‘An overview of antimicrobial and anticancer potential of silver nanoparticles’, Journal of King Saud University – Science, 34(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101791
Sandi, I. S., Fuentes, S. C., Reyes, R. P., Baudrit, J. R. V., Menezes, D. B., Vasquez, G. M. De Oca (2023) ‘Optimization Of The Biosynthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles Using Bacterial Extracts And Their Antimicrobial Potential’, Biotechnology Reports, 40, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2023.e00816
Vijayakumar, M., Priya, K., Ilavenil, S., Janani, B., Vedarethinam, V., Ramesh, T., Arasu, M. V., Al-Dhabi, N. A., Ock Kim, Y., Kim, H. J. (2020) ‘Shrimp Shells Extracted Chitin In Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis: Expanding Its Prophecy Towards Anticancer Activity In Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Hepg2 Cells’, International Journal Of Biological Macromolecules, 165, 1402–1409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.032
Vivi, G. (2015) ‘Biosintesis Nanopartikel Perak Dengan Memanfaatkan Gambir Sebagai Bioreduktor’, Jurnal Kimia Unand, 4(3), 1–3. Http://Scholar.Unand.Ac.Id/12597/
Yusuf, M. (2019) ‘Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis And Applications, Handbook Of Ecomaterials’. Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48281-1_16-1
Wisnuwardhani, H. A., Lukmayani, Y., Hazar, S., Hoeruniswah, H. (2019) ‘Optimization of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis using Kawista (Limonia Acidissima Groff.) leaves ethanol extract’, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1375(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1375/1/012077
DOI: https://doi.org/10.23955/rkl.v20i1.44324
Article Metrics
Abstract view : 0 timesPDF - 0 times
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) Nove Kartika Erliyanti, Caecilia Pujiastuti, Renova Panjaitan, Guardiola Rosa Wira, Hijria Putri Maharani

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
JURNAL REKAYASA KIMIA & LINGKUNGAN
Jurusan Teknik Kimia Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jl. Tgk. Syech Abdur Rauf No.7, Kopelma Darussalam, Banda Aceh, INDONESIA
PRINCIPAL CONTACT
Nasrul Arahman, Prof. Dr. S.T., M.T.
Phone: +62813-6092-7917
E-mail: rkl@che.usk.ac.id, nasrular@usk.ac.id
SUPPORT CONTACT
Mirna Rahmah Lubis
E-mail: mirna@che.usk.ac.id
Wahyu Rinaldi, ST, M.Sc.
E-mail: wahyu.rinaldi@che.usk.ac.id








